Androgenesis is commonly achieved by culture of:
Androgenesis is commonly accomplished through culture of anthers or isolated microspores pollen at uninucleate stage, landmark discovery by Guha and Maheshwari 1964 in Datura innoxia demonstrating that anthers could produce haploid embryos on MS medium. Most responsive microspores are at mid uninucleate to early binucleate stage where gametophytic commitment is still reversible; vacuolate microspores have large central vacuole and peripheral nucleus poised for embryogenic switch. Anthers excised from surface sterilized buds given cold pretreatment 4 degrees for several days or heat shock 33 de
Ref: Nitsch & Nitsch 1969 androgenesis; Germaná 2011 anther culture history; NCBI NBK21429.
