47 public questions tagged with this topic.
Food security exists when all people, at all correct for Indian politics post-independence nation building reorganization as per NCERT Politics in India.
Ref: NCERT Political Science Class XII Politics in India Since Independence Chapter 1 Nation Building explains princely states 565 integration reorganization.
Trichoderma is a fungus that acts as a biocontrol agent against soil-borne fungal pathogens. This follows from latest NCERT 2026-27 principle explaining the concept clearly for NEET students in simple steps as per rationalized syllabus.
Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook - Latest Edition for Academic Session 2026-27 (Botany section, Rationalized Textbook for Class XI and XII), Chapter: Biology - Botany portion (Latest NCERT Textbooks for Academic Session 2026-27 -
Ethylene is widely used for the artificial ripening of fruits such as bananas and tomatoes. This follows from NCERT principle where the relation explains the outcome clearly for students in simple steps.
Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook for Class XI and XII (Botany section), Chapter: Morphology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants, Topic: Plant structure and tissue systems.
Resistance evolution to Bt toxins accelerated when transgenic crops grown continuously on large acreage without alternative hosts for susceptible insects. Homozygous resistant insects emerging from Bt fields mating with each other rapidly increase resistance allele frequency. Refuge strategy maintains pool of susceptible individuals by planting non-transgenic crop nearby or mixing seeds. Susceptible moths from refuge mate with rare resistant survivors from Bt field producing heterozygous offspring. High dose of toxin expressed in transgenic plants kills heterozygotes because resistance general
Ref: Gould Annu Rev Entomol 1998 refuge strategy; Tabashnik Annu Rev Entomol 2013 mixing; NCBI NBK131103 insect resistance management; EPA refuge guidance 2001.
International Service for Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications annually reports global adoption of GM crops. Historical data from 1996 to 2023 demonstrates herbicide tolerance trait dominates both by trait type and crop species. Among crops, soybean engineered for glyphosate tolerance occupied largest area, reaching over 94 million hectares in 2019, accounting for about half of all GM hectarage. Drivers include high demand for protein meal for animal feed, suitability of herbicide tolerance for large-scale mechanized farming in United States, Brazil, Argentina, adoption of no-till practice
Ref: ISAAA Brief 55 2019 global status herbicide tolerant soybean dominant; James ISAAA 2014; NCBI NBK131103 statistics; https://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/55/
Bollgard II represents stacked trait strategy designed to delay resistance and broaden insecticidal spectrum. First generation Bollgard expressing only Cry1Ac selected resistance alleles in Helicoverpa armigera under continuous exposure. Incorporating second toxin Cry2Ab with different binding site, recognizing distinct aminopeptidase N and ABC transporter, requires insects to carry simultaneous mutations in two receptors to survive, probability drastically lower. Both genes driven by enhanced constitutive promoters provide high dose exceeding LD99 for heterozygous susceptible larvae. Expressi
Ref: ISAAA Brief 43 Bollgard II; Tabashnik Nat Biotechnol 2009 pyramiding; NCBI NBK24601 Cry1Ac Cry2Ab; https://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/43/
Quarantine statutes aim primarily at exclusion of exotic pests, pathogens and weeds not present in importing country, preventing establishment of new epidemics that could devastate agriculture and trade. Under Plant Quarantine Regulation Order 2003 enforced by NBPGR, every consignment requires phytosanitary certificate from source nation, inspection upon arrival for insects such as shot hole borer Xyleborus ferrugineus, fungi such as Dothidella ulei causing South American leaf blight, and weed seeds. Provisions include post-entry quarantine growing for one vegetative season, treatment with sys
Ref: Plant Quarantine Order 2003 Indiankanoon; IPPC ISPM 2 Pest Risk Analysis; e-coursesonline quarantine prevention objective.
Lantana camara native to Central and South America introduced into India in 1809 as ornamental shrub for its multicolored corymbs and year-round flowering. Eichhornia similarly introduced as aquatic ornamental. Both escaped cultivation demonstrating characteristics listed by Baker as ideal weeds: rapid asexual proliferation via suckers and stolons, high seed output exceeding 10,000 per plant, dormancy, tolerance to drought and waterlogging, and production of allelopathic secondary metabolites lantadenes and phenolics inhibiting germination of neighboring crops. Dense thickets reduce pasture ca
Ref: FAO Invasive Weed Management Lantana; CABI Datasheet Eichhornia and Lantana; BSI Invasive alien plants India.
Despite expanding gene pools, introduction carries inadvertent adverse consequences representing demerits. Along with desired cultivars, weed seeds such as Phalaris minor, Avena fatua, Parthenium hysterophorus introduced with PL-480 wheat shipments from USA in 1960s became dominant weeds competing for light, nutrients and space, producing allelochemicals like parthenin suppressing crop growth. Pathogens such as coffee rust, potato late blight and diseases like downy mildew also hitchhike as dormant mycelium. Invasive ornamentals outcompete native flora reducing biodiversity index. Economic cos
Ref: Kohli RK Invasive Alien Species India; NCERT Class XII Biodiversity demerits; CABI Invasive weed Parthenium origin.
Acclimatization describes gradual adaptive improvement in performance of introduced variety over successive generations grown in new environment. Initially introduced genotype may flower late, show asynchronous maturity or susceptibility to local leaf rust races. Continuous natural and farmer selection favours individuals with favorable alleles for photoperiod insensitivity, thermal tolerance, efficient nutrient uptake and pathogen defense mediated by polygenic QTL. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation changes altering gene expression without sequence change also contribute. Over t
Ref: Allard RW Principles Plant Breeding Acclimatization chapter; e-courses Breeding Fruit Crops Acclimatization; FAO Adaptation.
Cataloging systematizes documentation by assigning unique accession numbers to each introduced sample clearing quarantine. NBPGR uses EC prefix for exotic collections from abroad, IC for indigenous germplasm within India, IW for wild relatives and ET for transgenics. Passport information including scientific name, cultivar name, pedigree, country of origin, donor organization, collection site coordinates, morphological descriptors and quarantine clearance date entered into Genebank Information System. This accessioning prevents naming confusion, enables retrieval via searchable database, links
Ref: NBPGR Genebank Manual Accessioning; Bioversity Descriptors; Singh BD Plant Breeding Cataloguing step.
Quarantine imposes enforced isolation and testing to intercept exotic pathogens, nematodes, insects and weed seeds hidden in imported seeds, tubers or cuttings. Legal basis includes Destructive Insects and Pests Act 1914 and Plant Quarantine Order 2003 requiring inspection at seaports, airports and land customs. NBPGR National Quarantine Laboratory performs visual inspection, X-ray for insect damage, blotter test for fungi like Tilletia and Fusarium, washing test for seeds, and serological ELISA and PCR for viruses such as banana bunchy top and potato latent viruses. Suspect samples undergo fu
Ref: IPPC ISPM Standards; Plant Quarantine Order 2003; e-coursesonline.iasri.res.in Plant Quarantine chapter; NBPGR Quarantine.
