Practice question

**TIR application** requires n₁>n₂ and θ₁>C. Critical angle formula derived from Snell's law with θ₂=90°, n₁ sinC = n₂ sin90° = n₂, so sinC = n₂/n₁. For glass-air sinC=1/1.52, C≈41°, for water-air 48.6°, determining cutoff for transmission. Chromatic aberration occurs in a convex lens because different wavelengths of white light refract by different amounts due to the lens material’s varying refractive index for each wavelength. Shorter wavelengths (e.g., blue) focus closer than longer ones (e.g., red), causing color fringing. Substituting values gives Due to wavelength-dependent refraction, which matches expected image position and magnification from mirror/lens formula 1/f = 1/v - 1/u (lens) or 1/f =