Practice question

**Quantization of charge** states observable charge is integer multiple of elementary charge e = 1.6×10⁻¹⁹ C, q = n·e, and total charge is conserved in isolated systems. Loss of electrons produces positive charge, and number of transferred electrons follows n = q/e, linking macroscopic charge measurement to microscopic carriers. Losing charge means electrons are removed, so charge is positive. q = n e , e = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C . n = (q/|e|) = (6.4 × 10⁻⁸/1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹) = 4 × 10¹¹ . Substituting values gives 4 × 10¹¹, which matches expected magnitude for this electrostatic configuration, confirming Coulomb's and Gauss's principles and charge quantization consistency.