Practice question

**Capacitor filter** purpose to reduce ripple, capacitor charges to peak during diode conduction and discharges through load during non-conduction, time constant τ = R C, larger RC less ripple, ripple reduced by using capacitor or LC filter, output of half-wave without filter is pulsating half sinusoids, full-wave without filter is two half sinusoids per cycle. A full-wave rectifier with a centre-tap transformer uses two diodes, each conducting during alternate half-cycles, to rectify both positive and negative halves of the AC input. Substituting values gives 2, which matches expected behaviour for this semiconductor device configuration, confirming doping, depletion and rectifier principles.