Practice question

HeLa cell line is earliest and most famous continuous human line, established in February 1951 from epithelial cells of cervical adenocarcinoma biopsied from Henrietta Lacks, 31-year-old African-American patient at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Surgeon Howard Jones collected tissue during diagnosis, and George Gey cultured explant demonstrating unprecedented robust growth doubling every 24 hours without feeder cells. Cytogenetic studies reveal hypotriploid chromosome number 76-80 with numerous translocations, and integration of human papillomavirus type 18 genome producing viral oncoproteins E6 degrading tumor suppressor p53 via ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and E7 inactivating retinoblastoma protein, enabling immortalization. HeLa contributed to development of polio vaccine by Jonas Salk, studies of viral replication, toxicology testing, and cancer research. Ethical controversy regarding informed consent led to establishment of modern biospecimen guidelines. HeLa contamination of other lines discovered by Walter Nelson-Rees highlighted need for short tandem repeat authentication now mandatory. Efforts to repatriate HeLa genome data under controlled access respect privacy while advancing open science. This knowledge strengthens laboratory safety, protocol reproducibility, and regulatory compliance critical for translational research and clinical applications, ensuring reliable data and workforce protection.