Practice question

**Kirchhoff's loop rule** (energy conservation) states algebraic sum of potential differences around closed loop zero, Σ ε - Σ I R =0, ensures total voltage drop across series resistors equals source emf. Junction rule (charge conservation) Σ I_in = Σ I_out ensures current continuity. Parallel resistance: (1/R_p) = (1/8) + (1/4) = (1 + 2/8) = (3/8) ⇒ R_p = (8/3) ≈ 2.67 Ω . Total resistance: Rtₒtₐl = 2 + 2.67 = 4.67 Ω . Current: I = (ε/Rtₒtₐl) = (14/4.67) ≈ 3.0 A . Applying I = n e A v_d, R = ρ l/A, R_t = R₀[1+αΔT], Kirchhoff's ΣI=0, ΣV=0, R_eq series/parallel,