Practice question

**Gauss's theorem** states total flux through closed surface equals enclosed charge divided by free-space permittivity, Φ_total = q_enc/ε₀, ε₀ = 8.854×10⁻¹² C²/(N·m²). Result independent of shape or size, depends only on net enclosed charge, enabling charge determination from flux. Gauss’s law requires a Gaussian surface with symmetry matching the charge distribution to simplify field calculation. For finite, asymmetric objects, the field varies in complex ways, making symmetry-based simplification impossible without additional methods. Substituting values gives Lack of symmetry, which matches expected magnitude for this electrostatic configuration, confirming Coulomb's and Gauss's principles and charge quantization consistency.