Practice question

**Relation E = -∇V** shows field points down potential gradient. For system of opposite charges close together, equipotential near midpoint between them has V≈0, but shape distorted, not spherical, reflecting superposition of potentials V = k q₁/r₁ + k q₂/r₂. E = (sigma/ε₀) = (4 × 10⁻⁶/8.85 × 10⁻¹²) ≈ 4.52 × 10⁵ N/C . Using V = kQ/r, U = k q₁q₂/r, E = -dV/dr, C = ε₀A/d, 1/C_eq series, C_eq = ΣC parallel, U = ½ C V² and common potential V = Q_total/C_total, result 4.52 × 10⁵ N/C follows, reflecting potential-capacitance relations.