#tumor progression

Cancer

Viral oncoproteins contribute to cancer mainly by

Neutralizing tumor suppressor proteins, is consistent with established principles of cell signaling, receptor pharmacology and cellular regulation. Experimental measurements of binding parameters, genetic loss-of-function studies and pharmacological interventions all converge on the same interpretation. Related options address neighboring concepts but do not satisfy the precise criterion stated in the question.

Ref: NCERT Biology Class 11–12 Alberts et al Molecular Biology of the Cell Lodish et al, Molecular Cell Biology Cooper & Hausman, The Cell Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology (for immunology sections)

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Cancer

Oncogene collaboration is required because

Full malignant transformation usually requires the cooperative action of multiple oncogenes and the loss of tumor suppressors. A single oncogene is rarely sufficient because cells possess multiple barriers—apoptosis, senescence, DNA-damage checkpoints—that must be overcome. Classic experiments demonstrated that Ras and Myc together bypass these barriers more effectively than either alone, illustrating the multi-hit nature of carcinogenesis.

Ref: NCERT Biology Class 11–12 Alberts et al Molecular Biology of the Cell Lodish et al, Molecular Cell Biology Cooper & Hausman, The Cell Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology (for immunology sections)

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Cancer

EMT promotes metastasis mainly by

Enhancing migratory and invasive properties, is consistent with established principles of cell signaling, receptor pharmacology and cellular regulation. Experimental measurements of binding parameters, genetic loss-of-function studies and pharmacological interventions all converge on the same interpretation. Related options address neighboring concepts but do not satisfy the precise criterion stated in the question.

Ref: NCERT Biology Class 11–12 Alberts et al Molecular Biology of the Cell Lodish et al, Molecular Cell Biology Cooper & Hausman, The Cell Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology (for immunology sections)

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Cancer

In late-stage tumors, TGF-β signaling often promotes

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition, is consistent with established principles of cell signaling, receptor pharmacology and cellular regulation. Experimental measurements of binding parameters, genetic loss-of-function studies and pharmacological interventions all converge on the same interpretation. Related options address neighboring concepts but do not satisfy the precise criterion stated in the question.

Ref: NCERT Biology Class 11–12 Alberts et al Molecular Biology of the Cell Lodish et al, Molecular Cell Biology Cooper & Hausman, The Cell Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology (for immunology sections)

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Cancer

Resistance to anoikis in cancer cells facilitates

The extrinsic pathway is initiated by binding of death ligands such as FasL or TNF to their cognate death receptors. Receptor clustering recruits adaptor proteins and caspase-8, forming the death-inducing signaling complex. Anoikis is a specialized form of apoptosis triggered by loss of integrin-mediated attachment to the extracellular matrix, thereby preventing survival of detached cells.

Ref: NCERT Biology Class 11–12 Alberts et al Molecular Biology of the Cell Lodish et al, Molecular Cell Biology Cooper & Hausman, The Cell Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology (for immunology sections)

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Cancer

Which of the following is considered an enabling characteristic of cancer?

Genome instability and mutation, is consistent with established principles of cell signaling, receptor pharmacology and cellular regulation. Experimental measurements of binding parameters, genetic loss-of-function studies and pharmacological interventions all converge on the same interpretation. Related options address neighboring concepts but do not satisfy the precise criterion stated in the question.

Ref: NCERT Biology Class 11–12 Alberts et al Molecular Biology of the Cell Lodish et al, Molecular Cell Biology Cooper & Hausman, The Cell Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology (for immunology sections)

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