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Cu (+2 in CuO) to 0 in Cu: change = 0 - (+2) = -2, meaning 2 electrons gained per Cu atom.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Redox Reactions > Topic: Electrode Potential and Electrochemical Series and Galvanic Cells
Reduction involves electron gain. In 2FeCl₃ + SnCl₂ → 2FeCl₂ + SnCl₄, Fe (+3) gains an electron to become Fe (+2).
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 7: Redox Reactions > Topic: Applications of Redox Reactions and Disproportionation
Oxygen (O) has 1s² 2s² 2p⁴ . Gaining 2 electrons forms O²⁻ with 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ , matching Ne .
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Kossel-Lewis Approach and Octet Rule and Lewis Structures
Nitrogen (N) in Group 15 has 1s² 2s² 2p³ . Gaining 3 electrons forms N³⁻ with 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ , matching Ne .
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Ionic Bonding - Lattice Enthalpy and Properties of Ionic Compounds
Fluorine (F) in Group 17 has 1s² 2s² 2p⁵ . Gaining 1 electron forms F⁻ with 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ , matching Ne .
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Ionic Bonding - Lattice Enthalpy and Properties of Ionic Compounds
Chlorine (Cl) has 7 valence electrons ( [Ne] 3s² 3p⁵ ). Gaining one electron forms Cl⁻ with a noble gas configuration ( [Ar] ).
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Chemistry > Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure > Topic: Hydrogen Bonding and Resonance and Dipole Moment
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