19 public questions tagged with this topic.
In amensalism, one species is negatively affected while the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Population Interactions - Mutualism and Amensalism
Mutualism is an interaction in which both species benefit, such as pollination.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Population Interactions - Mutualism and Amensalism
Amensalism occurs when one species is harmed while the other remains unaffected, such as when a tree releases chemicals that inhibit the growth of nearby plants.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Population Interactions - Mutualism and Amensalism
Competition negatively impacts both species as they compete for the same limited resources.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Population Interactions - Mutualism and Amensalism
Orchid benefits by growing on the mango tree without harming or benefiting it, which is an example of commensalism.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Population Interactions - Mutualism and Amensalism
Commensalism is a relationship where one species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Population Interactions - Parasitism and Commensalism
In commensalism, one species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Population Interactions - Parasitism and Commensalism
Commensalism is an interaction where one species benefits while the other remains unaffected.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Population Interactions - Parasitism and Commensalism
In commensalism, one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed, such as barnacles on a whale.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Population Interactions - Parasitism and Commensalism
Barnacles benefit from attachment to a whale without harming or benefiting the whale, making it a commensal relationship.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Population Interactions - Parasitism and Commensalism
A remora gains transportation and access to food by attaching to a shark with a modified dorsal-fin suction disc. It may consume scraps from the shark’s meals and exploit feeding opportunities encountered during travel. In the traditional interpretation, the remora benefits while the shark experiences little measurable effect, giving the (+, 0) sign pattern of commensalism. The remora does not normally extract host tissue like a parasite, and reciprocal benefit is not required as in mutualism. Some remoras remove ectoparasites or clean wounds, which could benefit the shark and shift particular associations toward mutualism; attachment may also impose drag or irritation, producing a small cost. Consequently, classification depends on the species pair and measured net effects. The textbook example abstracts from those complications and emphasizes food and transport gained without significant influence on the carrier. The same physical association can include phoresy as a mechanism of transport, but commensalism describes the overall fitness outcome between the two organisms rather than the movement mechanism alone.
Ref: Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems, Begon et al., 5th Ed., Ch. 8-13
Inquilinism is a form of commensalism in which one species uses another organism, its body, or its constructed space as shelter or a place to live without significantly harming it. A bird nesting in a tree gains support and a protected site for eggs and young, while the tree is ordinarily treated as unaffected. Phoresy would require the tree to transport the bird, and metabiosis usually involves using a structure or environmental modification after its producer has finished with it, such as a hermit crab occupying an abandoned snail shell. Parasitism would require a net cost to the tree caused by exploitation. The classification is an idealization: a heavy nest may break a branch, birds may fertilize soil with droppings, or they may remove herbivores, creating negative or positive effects. For a typical nest, however, these effects are negligible relative to the bird’s clear benefit. The key mechanism is use of living space rather than extraction of nutrients or reciprocal exchange of services.
Ref: Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems, Begon et al., 5th Ed., Ch. 8-13
