Practice question

Subunit vaccines avoid using whole infectious organism replication-competent incorporating only highly purified antigenic components capable eliciting protective immunity without risk producing disease immunocompromised pregnant elderly. Antigens include recombinant proteins hepatitis B surface antigen HBsAg 226 aa small S self-assembling 22 nm VLPs Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansenula after methanol induction AOX1 promoter purification density gradient acellular pertussis components pertussis toxoid chemically toxoided formaldehyde hydrogen peroxide inactivation removing ADP-ribosylating activity preserving epitopes filamentous hemagglutinin FHA 220 kDa adhesin pertactin 69 kDa outer membrane fimbriae 2 3 HPV L1 major capsid 360 copies 55 nm VLPs insect Sf9 baculovirus Autographa californica. Manufacturing fermentation fed-batch 10^9 cells/mL downstream chromatography ion exchange anion cation capturing size exclusion polishing affinity monoclonal columns removing host DNA <10 pg per dose endotoxin <20 EU residual virulence factors tangential flow filtration yielding defined composition excellent safety fewer adverse events fever 1 percent versus whole-cell pertussis 50 percent. Because isolated proteins lack PAMPs strongly activating dendritic cells via TLRs adjuvants aluminum hydroxide phosphate 0.5 mg aluminum per dose forming depot adsorbing antigen prolonging retention promoting phagocytosis AS04 combining MPL TLR4 agonist alum oil-water MF59 squalene Tween Span enhancing recruitment monocytes activation