Practice question

**Isobaric and isothermal** are fundamental thermodynamic processes, isobaric P constant horizontal line on P-V diagram, isothermal hyperbolic P = n R T/V, work equals area under curve, isothermal work larger than adiabatic for same volume change because pressure higher. P₁ V₁^γ = P₂ V₂^γ . 1 × 10¹.6 = 4 × V₂¹.6 . V₂¹.6 = 10¹.64 . V₂ = (10¹.64)¹/1.6 = 10 × 4⁻¹/1.6 . 4⁻⁰.625 ≈ 0.315 , V₂ ≈ 10 × 0.315 ≈ 3.15 L . Using first law ΔU = Q - W, W = ∫ P dV, isobaric W = P ΔV, isothermal W = n R T ln(V₂/V₁), adiabatic P