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#cardiovascular

6 public questions tagged with this topic.

ZOOLOGY

Which of the following is correct about the circulatory system?

**Systemic circulation** distributes oxygenated blood from the **left ventricle** to body tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. This follows from NCERT principle where relation explains outcome clearly for students.

Ref: NCERT Biology Textbook for Class XI and XII (Zoology section), Chapter: Biology - Zoology portion covering relevant system and function, Topic: Structural organization and physiology.

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Gene Therapy

Target cells in cardiovascular gene therapy include:

Endothelial cell central therapeutic target cardiovascular gene therapy because monolayer regulates vascular homeostasis via eNOS converting L-arginine to nitric oxide stimulating soluble guanylate cyclase raising cGMP relaxing smooth muscle, prostacyclin via COX2 inhibiting platelet aggregation, barrier integrity VE-cadherin junctions, leukocyte adhesion E-selectin VCAM1. Dysfunction oxidative stress uncoupling eNOS drives atherosclerosis hypertension ischemia. Ischemic peripheral artery disease refractory angina benefit proangiogenic factors VEGF-A165, FGF4, HGF, HIF1-alpha delivered AAV1 or plasmid catheter-based intracoronary or intramuscular promoting collateral vessel formation endothelial proliferation migration MAPK ERK and PI3K Akt pathways. Heart failure SERCA2a therapy improves cardiomyocyte calcium handling but endothelial transduction improving perfusion upstream essential. Promoters Tie2, VE-cadherin, endothelin enhancer confer specificity limiting off-target expression reducing neointimal hyperplasia after percutaneous coronary intervention. Restoration barrier reduces thrombogenicity and inflammatory infiltration critical for long-term graft patency. This mechanistic insight guides vector optimization, dosing strategies, and clinical safety monitoring essential for translational development and regulatory evaluation. This mechanistic insight guides vector optimization, dosing strategies, and clinical safety monitoring essential for translational development and regulatory evaluation.

Ref: Circ Res Cardiovascular Gene Therapy Endothelial Targets 2022; NHLBI Vascular Gene Therapy Overview; Lodish Vascular Biology Endothelial Function Chap 22.

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