Practice question

Hymenoptera including honeybees, ants and wasps lack heteromorphic sex chromosomes and determine sex via haplodiploid fertilization status conceptually distinct from X:A or ZZ/ZW. Diploid fertilized eggs heterozygous at complementary sex determiner locus csd produce females, either workers or queens, while haploid unfertilized eggs hemizygous become males drones. Molecular mechanism csd complementation regulates feminizer gene transformer ortholog splicing into female form producing DsxF, whereas hemizygous genotype yields male splicing and DsxM. Queen controls fertilization voluntarily releasing stored sperm, thereby controlling colony sex ratio.