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Shear modulus: G = (Shear stress) / (Shear strain). Shear stress: Shear stress = F / A, A = 0.2 × 0.1 = 0.02 m2. Shear stress = (1 × 104) / 0.02 = 5 × 105 N/m2. Shear strain: Shear strain = Shear stress / G = (5 × 105) / (8.4 × 1010) ≈ 5.95 × 10-6.
Ref: University Physics, Chapter 17: Thermal Expansion.
Young's modulus: Y = Stress / Strain. Stress: Stress = Y × Strain = 2 × 1011 × 3 × 10-4 = 6 × 107 N/m2. Force: F = Stress × A = 6 × 107 × 5 × 10-6 = 300 N.
Ref: University Physics, Chapter 17: Thermal Expansion.
Steel has a much larger Young’s modulus compared to rubber, meaning it has greater stiffness and requires more force to produce the same strain. As per NCERT, applying relevant law/formula with correct units and sign convention leads to Due to larger Young’s modulus. This satisfies dimensional consistency and physical conditions given, so option C is scientifically correct.
Ref: University Physics, Chapter 17: Thermal Expansion.
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