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Trophic cascades describe the effects of predator population changes on lower trophic levels, influencing ecosystem balance.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Life History Variations and Population Interactions - Overview
“Top-down” for which type of ecosystem control involves a trophic cascade. This relationship follows from the ecological mechanism represented by the terms in the item, not merely from an association between their names. The relevant inference should follow the pathway from resource supply to organismal uptake and then to ecosystem-level flux. Productivity, trophic transfer, decomposition, and nutrient regeneration are connected, but each measures a different part of that pathway. The remaining alternatives—“Bottom-up”, “Wasp-waist”, “Abiotic”—refer to different states, processes, or scales an
Ref: Fundamentals of Ecology, Odum & Barrett, 5th Ed., Ch. 4
“Keystone species” for species group whose removal triggers cascades. This relationship follows from the ecological mechanism represented by the terms in the item, not merely from an association between their names. Species management must identify the demographic stage and ecological process that most strongly limits population growth. Prevention, early detection, removal, habitat manipulation, and biological control act at different points in an invasion or recovery trajectory. The remaining alternatives—“Indicator species”, “Generalist species”, “Specialist species”—refer to different state
Ref: Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems, Begon et al., 5th Ed., Ch. 21
A trophic cascade occurs when consumers, often predators, indirectly alter organisms two or more feeding links away. By suppressing herbivores, a predator may release plants from grazing, increasing vegetation biomass; changes can also proceed through behavior rather than prey abundance. Cascades may be top-down or, less commonly, propagate upward from resource changes. Their magnitude depends on omnivory, habitat complexity, prey switching, and interaction strength. The concept describes indirect food-web consequences, not merely the presence of predation. Matter can cycle repeatedly through
Ref: Fundamentals of Ecology, Odum & Barrett, 5th Ed., Ch. 3
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