Practical preparation guides from mentors and educators.
AIM To study homology and analogy with the help of models/charts of animals and models/charts/specimens of plants. PRINCIPLE Homologous organs are functionally dissimilar but anatomically or structurally similar. Different modes of life have modified the organs to enable survival...
AIM To observe model specimen showing symbiotic association in root nodules of leguminous plants, Cuscuta on host, lichens. PRINCIPLE Symbiosis is close association between two different organisms where at least one is benefited. It includes mutualism where both are benefited, pa...
AIM To identify common human disease causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium and ringworms through permanent slides or specimens. PRINCIPLE Human diseases are caused by various pathogens including protozoans, helminths and fungi. Identification is based on morpholog...
AIM To perform emasculation, bagging and tagging for controlled pollination. PRINCIPLE Plant breeding is a science of changing and improving the heredity of plants and production of new varieties which are far better than the original type. Artificial hybridisation is the phenome...
AIM To study of prepared pedigree charts of genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, widow's peak and colour blindness. PRINCIPLE Pedigree analysis is study of inheritance of traits through family history over generations. Standard symbols are used to represent mal...
AIM Study of Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour / sizes of any plant. PRINCIPLE Mendelian inheritance is based on principles of dominance, segregation and independent assortment. Pisum sativum shows seven pairs of contrasting traits including seed form, cotyled...
AIM Study of T.S. of blastula through permanent slide. PRINCIPLE Blastula is early embryonic stage formed after repeated cleavage divisions of zygote. In mammals it is called blastocyst with outer trophoblast and inner cell mass enclosing fluid filled blastocoel cavity. Trophobla...
AIM To study the meiosis in onion bud or grasshopper testis using permanent slides. PRINCIPLE Meiosis is reduction division that reduces chromosome number by half and produces four haploid gametes from a diploid parent cell. It consists of two successive divisions, Meiosis-I and...
AIM To identify the stages of gamete development, i.e. T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides. PRINCIPLE Gametogenesis is the process of formation of haploid gametes from diploid germ cells. In males it is called spermatogenesis in testis and in females oogenes...
AIM To study the pollen germination on stigma through permanent slide. PRINCIPLE Pollen germination on stigma is an essential step of sexual reproduction in angiosperms. Compatible pollen grains are recognized by stigma and germinate to form pollen tube that carries male gametes...
AIM To study adaptations of flowers pollinated by different agencies (wind, insect, and bird). PRINCIPLE Pollination is transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma. Different agencies like wind, water, insects and birds carry pollen. Flowers show specific adaptations to facil...
AIM To isolate DNA from available plant material like pea seed, spinach, onion, etc. PRINCIPLE Plant cells contain DNA within nucleus and organelles protected by cell wall, cell membrane and histone proteins. Isolation requires breaking these barriers and removing associated prot...
