Ovules and seeds of angiosperms are enclosed within
Angiosperm carpel interpreted as conduplicate megasporophyll whose margins fuse enclosing ovules borne on placenta within ovary cavity, providing protection and selective pollen tube competition. Post-fertilization ovary wall differentiates into pericarp: exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp contributing fruit diversity dehiscent or indehiscent, fleshy or dry, adaptations for dispersal by animals zoochory, wind anemochory or water hydrochory. Gymnosperm ovules attached exposed on ovuliferous scales lack ovarian enclosure, seeds remain naked with no pericarp, only seed coat derived from integuments. Int
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 5: Morphology, carpel ovary fruit enclosure angiosperms
