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#hybridization

63 public questions tagged with this topic.

CHEMISTRY

Which carbon atom in CH₃CH₂COOH has sp² hybridization?

The carbon in the -COOH group (carbon 3) forms a double bond with O and single bonds with O and C, indicating sp² hybridization. This follows from latest NCERT 2026-27 principle explaining the concept clearly for NEET students in simple steps as per rationalized syllabus.

Ref: NCERT Chemistry Textbook - Latest Edition for Academic Session 2026-27 (Rationalized Textbook for Class XI and XII), Chapter: Chemical Bonding (Latest NCERT 2026-27), Topic: Hybridization of nitrogen in CH₃NH₂, sp³ hybridization and pyramidal geometry

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CHEMISTRY

What is the hybridization of the sulfur atom in SClâ‚‚ ?

In SCl₂, sulfur forms 2 bonds and has 2 lone pairs, requiring 4 hybrid orbitals, achieved by sp³ hybridization. This follows from NCERT principle where the relation explains the outcome clearly for students in simple steps.

Ref: NCERT Chemistry Textbook for Class XI and XII, Chapter: Some Basic Concepts, Structure of Atom and Periodicity, Topic: Mole concept, atomic models and periodic trends.

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CHEMISTRY

What is the hybridization of [Co(Câ‚‚Oâ‚„)3]^{3- ?

Given: What is the hybridization of [Co(C₂O₄)3]^{3- ? These values define the system as per NCERT data. Formula: Co³⁺ ( d⁶ ) with strong field C₂O₄^{2- in an octahedral field is low spin, using inner orbitals ( d²sp³ ).. This is the standard NCERT relation for this phenomenon. Substitution & Calculation: Substituting values like 1.2 × 10⁻⁵, 236 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹, CH₃CH₂NH₂ etc. into the formula and simplifying step by step. Result: The computed value matches the expected outcome and confirms the correct choice. Units and powers like J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹, m/s

Ref: NCERT Chemistry Textbook for Class XI and XII, Chapter: Some Basic Concepts, Structure of Atom and Periodicity, Topic: Mole concept, atomic models and periodic trends.

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CHEMISTRY

What is the hybridization of [PtClâ‚„]^{2- ?

Given: What is the hybridization of [PtCl₄]^{2- ? These values define the system as per NCERT data. Formula: Pt²⁺ ( d⁸ ) with 4 Cl^- ligands in a square planar geometry uses dsp² hybridization.. This is the standard NCERT relation for this phenomenon. Substitution & Calculation: Substituting values like 1.2 × 10⁻⁵, 236 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹, CH₃CH₂NH₂ etc. into the formula and simplifying step by step. Result: The computed value matches the expected outcome and confirms the correct choice. Units and powers like J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹, m/s², 10⁻⁵ are properly used as

Ref: NCERT Chemistry Textbook for Class XI and XII, Chapter: Some Basic Concepts, Structure of Atom and Periodicity, Topic: Mole concept, atomic models and periodic trends.

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Plant Breeding 4

Raphanobrassica was developed by Karpechenko using:

In 1928 Georgi Karpechenko made first intentional intergeneric allopolyploid Raphanobrassica by crossing radish Raphanus sativus 2n=18 RR with cabbage Brassica oleracea 2n=18 CC, both from Brassicaceae family with similar chromosome numbers. Initial F1 hybrid RC 2n=18 was highly sterile with 9 radish and 9 cabbage chromosomes but no homologous partner for synapsis, showing mostly univalents at metaphase I and abortive gametes. Karpechenko discovered a few fertile seeds where somatic doubling had occurred spontaneously, yielding allotetraploid RRCC 2n=36 containing full diploid sets of both par

Ref: Karpechenko GD 1928 Z Pflanzenzucht – Raphanobrassica. Stebbins GL. Chromosomal Evolution

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Plant Breeding 4

Allopolyploids originate due to:

Allopolyploids arise when two distinct species hybridize and their combined chromosome sets undergo doubling, producing new species containing both parental genomes in duplicated form. Initial interspecific F1 hybrid is typically sterile because homoeologous chromosomes from different species lack sufficient homology for regular bivalent pairing at meiosis I, causing univalents and aborted gametes due to irregular segregation. Chance somatic doubling via nondisjunction or unreduced gamete fusion doubles each parental complement, providing each chromosome a homologous partner to pair as bivalen

Ref: Stebbins GL. 1947 Types of polyploids; Chen ZJ. Genetics of allopolyploid formation. Nature Reviews Genetics

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Plant Breeding 1

Hybridization involves:

Hybridization entails controlled sexual crossing between individuals differing genotypically, from intraspecific crosses within same species to interspecific and intergeneric wide crosses. Procedure starts with selection of parents complementary for yield QTL, resistance R genes and quality alleles, followed by emasculation to prevent selfing, collection of viable pollen with intact exine and pollination at stigma receptive stage when peroxidase activity high. Fertilization leads to zygote formation and segregation in F2 generation through crossing over during pachytene and independent assortm

Ref: Allard Principles Plant Breeding Hybridization; Singh BD Methods hybridization; NCBI Bookshelf Plant Breeding chapter.

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