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Osteichthyes (bony fishes) have an air bladder to regulate buoyancy, whereas Chondrichthyes lack this feature.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom Vertebrata - Cyclostomata and Pisces
Osteichthyes (bony fishes) have an operculum, which covers and protects the gills.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom Vertebrata - Cyclostomata and Pisces
Scoliodon (dogfish) is a cartilaginous fish belonging to class Chondrichthyes.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom Vertebrata - Cyclostomata and Pisces
Cartilaginous fishes lack a swim bladder, which is present in bony fishes.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom Phylum Aschelminthes and Annelida
Cartilaginous fishes lack a swim bladder, which is present in bony fishes for buoyancy control.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom Phylum Ctenophora and Platyhelminthes
True fishes or Pisces display circulatory architecture comprising two cardiac chambers, single thin-walled atrium receiving deoxygenated blood from sinus venosus and single thick-walled ventricle pumping to ventral aorta and gills via bulbus arteriosus. Oxygenated blood proceeds via dorsal aorta to systemic tissues in single circuit, no pulmonary bypass, resulting in low systemic blood pressure. This two-chambered heart contrasts with three-chambered design in amphibians and reptiles with double circulation partially mixing, and four-chambered separation in birds, mammals and crocodilians enab
Ref: Campbell Biology, 12th ed., Chapter 42: Fish Circulation; NCERT Class 11, Chapter 4, Pisces Heart
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