Learning in tadpoles suggests:
Learning is a form of phenotypic or developmental plasticity because an individual's behavior changes with experience without requiring a change in DNA sequence across generations. Tadpoles can associate predator odors with alarm cues, alter activity, or adjust escape responses after exposure, thereby matching behavior to local risk. A purely reflexive or fixed innate response would be expressed without relevant experience and would show limited modification through training. Genetic change requires differential inheritance across generations, not behavioral adjustment within one lifetime. Exp
Ref: Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems, Begon et al., 5th Ed., Ch. 10
