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ATP synthase is located in the thylakoid membrane and catalyzes ATP production using a proton gradient.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 11: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Chemiosmotic Hypothesis and Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
The thylakoid membrane encloses an internal space called the lumen. Thylakoids are flattened membranous sacs present within the chloroplast stroma.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 8: Cell: The Unit of Life Mitochondria Plastids Ribosomes and Other Organelles
Chloroplasts may be lens-shaped, oval, spherical, discoid or ribbon-like. Their usual length is 5–10 µm, while their width is approximately 2–4 µm.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 8: Cell: The Unit of Life Mitochondria Plastids Ribosomes and Other Organelles
A chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes, of which the inner membrane is relatively less permeable. The space enclosed by the inner membrane is called the stroma.
Ref: NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 8: Cell: The Unit of Life Cell Theory and Overview of Cell
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