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#calcium binding

3 public questions tagged with this topic.

Which troponin subunit is responsible for calcium binding?

Troponin heterotrimer every 38 nanometer along thin filament alongside tropomyosin provides calcium dependent switch. Subunits: TnT 30 to 35 kilodalton tropomyosin binding anchoring complex, TnI 21 to 24 kilodalton inhibitory binding actin blocking myosin in diastole, TnC 18 kilodalton calcium binding sensor homologous to calmodulin containing four EF hand helix loop helix motifs. N terminal low affinity regulatory sites I II bind calcium transiently during systole with Kd 5 micromolar triggering activation, affinity modulated by magnesium competition, C terminal high affinity structural sites III IV bind calcium magnesium constitutively with Kd nanomolar stabilizing complex. Calcium binding to N lobe induces opening exposing hydrophobic patch that binds switch peptide residues 148 to 158 of TnI removing C terminal inhibitory mobile domain from actin. This releases tropomyosin steric block exposing myosin binding sites permitting cross bridge cycling. Mutation TnC G159D reduces calcium affinity blunting contractility, TN-M nonexistent. Thus TnC uniquely senses calcium transient translating electrical signal into mechanical contraction and force generation.

Ref: Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology, 9th ed., Chapter 18: Troponin C as Calcium-Binding Subunit.

Calmodulin binds Ca2+ using how many binding sites?

4, is consistent with established principles of cell signaling, receptor pharmacology and cellular regulation. Experimental measurements of binding parameters, genetic loss-of-function studies and pharmacological interventions all converge on the same interpretation. Related options address neighboring concepts but do not satisfy the precise criterion stated in the question.

Ref: NCERT Biology Class 11–12 Alberts et al Molecular Biology of the Cell Lodish et al, Molecular Cell Biology Cooper & Hausman, The Cell Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology (for immunology sections)