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Antibodies do not directly destroy bacteria; instead, they mark them for destruction by immune cells.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 7: Human Health and Disease Immune Disorders - Allergies Autoimmunity and AIDS
Antibody molecule comprises Fab and Fc segments after papain cleavage. Fab includes entire light chain paired with variable and first constant domain of heavy chain. Hypervariable complementarity determining regions within variable domains fold to create paratope complementary to epitope shape, charge and hydrophobicity. This interaction determines specificity, affinity and neutralization capacity. Fc region mediates effector functions like complement fixation and Fc receptor engagement, not antigen recognition. All immunoglobulin isotypes and monoclonal preparations possess Fab, and it lacks intrinsic enzymatic activity, functioning solely as antigen-binding unit guiding humoral immunity and diagnostic immunoassays.
Ref: NCERT Biology Class XII Principles on Klenow fill-in labeling, Lehninger Chapter 9 DNA cloning techniques, and Molecular Cloning by Sambrook Chapter 10 documenting end-labeling of cohesive termini.
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