Exposure to antibiotics or pesticides eliminates susceptible genotypes, leaving resistant mutants with efflux pumps, target modifications or detoxification enzymes to survive and reproduce. Resistance alleles increase quickly due to strong directional selection, illustrating evolution in real time. Horizontal gene transfer via plasmids accelerates spread in bacteria. This medical example shows Directional selection as selective agent driving adaptation and need for stewardship. This concept integrates genetics, ecology and molecular evidence, frequently tested in NEET, GATE and CSIR-NET, highlighting links between genotype, phenotype and environment.
Ref:
Futuyma, Evolution, 4th ed., Chapter 11: Natural Selection.