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Transgenic mice are widely used as models to study human diseases such as cancer and Alzheimerâs.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Applications Transgenic Animals - Models and Biological Products
Transgenic animals are developed to study gene function and to model human diseases for research.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Applications Transgenic Animals - Models and Biological Products
Phosphorus is central to nucleic acids, ATP, and phospholipids, so tracking its movement requires an isotope of the same element. Phosphorus-32 is a radioactive phosphor that chemically behaves identically to stable phosphorus but emits high-energy beta particles detectable by counters and autoradiography. Incorporated into phosphate pools, it labels DNA, RNA, and phosphorylated intermediates, allowing measurement of uptake, transport, and turnover. Carbon-14 labels carbon skeletons and iodine isotopes label proteins, making phosphorus-32 uniquely suited for specifically following phosphate metabolism in cells and ecosystems.
Ref: NCERT Biology Class XII Principles on Klenow fill-in labeling, Lehninger Chapter 9 DNA cloning techniques, and Molecular Cloning by Sambrook Chapter 10 documenting end-labeling of cohesive termini.
