11 public questions tagged with this topic.
Trichoderma polysporum produces cyclosporin A, which is used to suppress immune responses in organ transplant patients.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 8: Microbes in Human Welfare Microbes as Biocontrol Agents - Bt Baculovirus Trichoderma
Streptococcus produces streptokinase, which helps dissolve blood clots.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 8: Microbes in Human Welfare Microbes as Biocontrol Agents - Bt Baculovirus Trichoderma
Erythromycin is produced by the bacterium Saccharopolyspora erythraea, not fungi.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 8: Microbes in Human Welfare Microbes in Industrial Products - Beverages and Antibiotics
Tears contain lysozyme, which acts as a physiological barrier by breaking down bacterial cell walls.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 7: Human Health and Disease Immunity - Innate Immunity - Barriers and Interferons
The Widal test is used to diagnose typhoid fever by detecting antibodies against Salmonella typhi.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 7: Human Health and Disease Common Diseases - Bacterial - Typhoid Pneumonia
Whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis, which affects the respiratory system.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 7: Human Health and Disease Common Diseases - Bacterial - Typhoid Pneumonia
Inflammation increases blood flow to infected or injured areas, helping immune cells reach and eliminate pathogens.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 7: Human Health and Disease Common Diseases - Bacterial - Typhoid Pneumonia
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani and leads to muscle stiffness and painful spasms due to toxin production.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 7: Human Health and Disease Common Diseases - Bacterial - Typhoid Pneumonia
Antibiotics are not effective against viruses; they only target bacterial infections.
Ref: NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 7: Human Health and Disease Common Diseases - Bacterial - Typhoid Pneumonia
Helicobacter pylori represents microaerophilic curved Gram-negative bacterium classified within class Epsilonproteobacteria of phylum Proteobacteria based on 16S rRNA phylogeny, unipolar flagellation, and microaerophilic physiology. It colonizes human gastric mucosa using urease producing ammonia to neutralize gastric acid, adhesins and cytotoxins CagA and VacA triggering inflammation. Strong association with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric adenocarcinoma established it as type species of Helicobacter. Its proteobacterial affiliation contrasts with Spirochaetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, clustering near Campylobacter within epsilon subgroup recognized in molecular taxonomy.
Ref: Tortora Microbiology 12th ed., Chapter 11 Epsilonproteobacteria Helicobacter; Bergey's Manual Volume 2 Proteobacteria Helicobacter pylori gastric
Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum is a fastidious microaerophilic spirochete exhibiting distinctive corkscrew morphology with endoflagella located within periplasmic space between outer membrane and cytoplasmic cylinder, driving motility in viscous environments like mucosal secretions. Unable to be continuously cultured in vitro, it transmits via sexual contact causing syphilis characterized by primary chancre, secondary disseminated rash, and tertiary gummas, cardiovascular and neural damage. Taxonomic placement in family Spirochaetaceae reflects helical coiling, outer sheath lacking lipopolysaccharide, and diagnosis requiring dark-field microscopy and serological treponemal tests.
Ref: CDC Syphilis Treponema pallidum spirochete; Jawetz Medical Microbiology 27th ed., Spirochaetes Treponema morphology dark-field
