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Iris controls condenser NA. Over-closing lowers effective NA, increases contrast but introduces diffraction artifacts and reduces resolving power. Optimal ~70-80% open.
Ref: NCBI Bookshelf, Molecular Biology of the Cell: Troubleshooting high power blur and coverslip thickness.
Iris diaphragm controls aperture, affecting contrast, depth of field and resolution. Closing too much causes diffraction.
Ref: NCERT Biology Laboratory Manual, Class XI, Illumination control using iris diaphragm.
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