Practice question

Molecular clock analyses and phylogenomic datasets place ANA grade as earliest diverging extant angiosperm branches successive sisters to Mesangiospermae containing all other flowering plants representing about 99.95 percent diversity. Monocots diverge after Austrobaileyales within mesangiosperms, eudicots later forming large clade, magnoliids sister to monocot-eudicot clade forming magnoliids group. Therefore most basal among options remains ANA grade encompassing Amborella, Nymphaeales, Austrobaileyales. This basal position confirmed by plastid genome inversions and mitochondrial gene losses and nuclear single-copy gene phylogenies. Recognition refutes hypothesis magnoliids basal, highlighting importance of phylogenomic rooting using gymnosperm outgroups like Pinus Ginkgo.