Practice question

Law of independent assortment operates when genes are unlinked or far apart exceeding fifty centimorgans recombination, allowing random orientation of homologous pairs at metaphase I and frequent crossing over breaking parental associations. Under this condition allele combinations segregate independently, generating equal proportions of parental and recombinant gametes. Closely linked genes or genes confined to same chromosome without distance maintain parental configurations, cytoplasmic genes show maternal inheritance. Unlinked status produces expected 9:3:3:1 dihybrid ratio under full dominance. This principle is routinely tested in NEET, CBSE 11-12, CUET, CSIR-NET, GATE and MSc Genetics examinations requiring clear conceptual distinction.