Practice question

Extensive phylogenomic analyses of concatenated conserved genes, indels, and rare genomic characters reveal eukaryotic informational system for DNA replication, transcription, and translation clusters most closely with Archaea, particularly Asgard superphylum encompassing Lokiarchaeota and Heimdallarchaeota encoding eukaryotic signature proteins absent in bacteria. Archaeal histones, ESCRT complex, and ubiquitin modifiers share homology with eukaryotic versions, supporting archaeal ancestry. Bacterial genes in eukaryotes derive largely from mitochondrial endosymbiosis and horizontal transfers. Therefore Archaea represent sister lineage and closest relatives to Eukarya, rendering Bacteria outgroup in universal tree supporting two-domain model where eukaryotes originate within Archaea.