Practice question

Phenotype represents the physical expression of a character, encompassing morphological, physiological, biochemical and behavioural manifestations observed in an individual. It emerges from genotype plus environmental modification and developmental interactions, such as enzyme activity or stature. Genotype denotes genetic constitution, locus denotes chromosomal position, and mutation rate measures alteration frequency. Distinguishing phenotype from genotype permits classification of dominance, codominance and incomplete dominance, supports clinical diagnosis, selection programmes and prediction of ratios in monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. Cytological correlation with prophase pairing, metaphase alignment and anaphase separation provides visual anchor for memorising genetic laws.