Practice question

Nutritional mode in Animalia predominantly holozoic involving active capture, ingestion of solid or particulate organic matter, extracellular digestion within specialized lumina where hydrolytic enzymes secreted, absorption across microvilli enhanced by increased surface area, and egestion of indigestible residue via anus or osculum. This contrasts holophytic photosynthesis in plants using chlorophyll, saprophytic absorptive nutrition in fungi releasing exoenzymes, and holosaprobic bacteria. Evolution from phagocytic choanoflagellate collar feeding expanded into muscular pharynx, gut regionalization, accessory glands and peristalsis coordinating food processing throughout metazoa.