Practice question

Phylogenetic framework of vascular plants divides living species into lycophytes and euphyllophytes, while functional informal grouping seedless vascular plants refers specifically to pteridophytes including lycophytes plus monilophytes such as ferns and horsetails possessing xylem tracheids, phloem, true roots, stems, leaves and cuticle but propagating via spores rather than seeds. Bryophytes are nonvascular gametophyte-dominant, gymnosperms and angiosperms represent seed plants with heterospory, pollen and ovules, siphonogamy. Pteridophytes thus document crucial grade documenting evolutionary transition from bryophyte-grade dominance to seed plant reproduction with siphonogamy.