Practice question

Altruism benefits recipient at cost to actor, reducing direct fitness but increasing indirect fitness via relatives sharing genes. Hamilton's rule rb>c predicts altruism evolves when relatedness times benefit exceeds cost. Relatedness 0.5 for siblings, 0.25 for half-sibs, 0.125 for cousins, 0.75 for haplodiploid sisters explains worker sterility in Hymenoptera. Inclusive fitness includes direct plus indirect components. Eusociality, alarm calls and reciprocal altruism exemplify. Hence Cost to altruist captures kin selection logic underlying altruistic behavior. This concept integrates genetics, ecology and molecular evidence, frequently tested in NEET, GATE and CSIR-NET, highlighting links between genotype, phenotype and