Practice question

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium provides null model where allele and genotype frequencies remain constant across generations in absence of evolution, given by p2+2pq+q2=1. Assumptions include large random-mating population, no selection, mutation, migration or drift. Deviations indicate evolutionary forces at work. It allows estimating carrier frequencies for recessive diseases and testing if population is evolving. Therefore principle states Ideal populations remains stable under idealized conditions. This concept integrates genetics, ecology and molecular evidence, frequently tested in NEET, GATE and CSIR-NET, highlighting links between genotype, phenotype and environment.