Practice question

In Surface Plasmon Resonance workflow, ligand must be covalently or non-covalently immobilized first onto dextran or gold surface of sensor chip to establish stable baseline. Immobilization chemistry may use amine coupling, thiol, streptavidin-biotin, or antibody capture, optimizing orientation and activity. Only after ligand immobilization and blocking of residual sites does analyte injection occur, allowing measurement of binding kinetics. Probe, analyte, and substrate denote soluble interaction partners or downstream molecules, not the initially attached species. Correct order of steps is critical for reproducible kinetic evaluation and regeneration cycles.