Page no – 18
Solution 1
Step 1: Let us mark the three test tubes as A, B, and C.
Step 2: A drop of the solution in test tube A is put on the red litmus paper. Same is repeated with solutions B and C. If either of them changes colour to blue, then it is basic. Therefore, out of three, one is eliminated.
Step 3: Out of the remaining two, any one can be acidic or neutral. Now a drop of basic solution is mixed with a drop of each of the remaining two solutions separately and then a drop of each solution is put on the red litmus paper.
If the colour of red litmus turns blue, then that solution is neutral and if there is no change in colour, then that solution is acidic.
This is because acidic and basic solutions neutralise each other. Hence, we can distinguish between the three types of solutions.
Concept comprehension: Remember that if the colour of red litmus paper gets changed to blue, then it is a base and if there is no colour change, then it is either acidic or neutral. Thus, basic solution can be easily identified. When acid and a base react with each other, they neutralise each other to form salt and water.
Page no – 22
Solution 1
Curd and other sour substances contain acids. Therefore, when they are kept in brass and copper vessels, metals react with the acids to form harmful toxic products, thereby spoiling the food and damaging our health.
Concept comprehension: Remember that curd and sour substances contain acids in them. Acids react with metals to form salts and liberate hydrogen gas.
Solution 2
Hydrogen gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts with a metal.
Example:
Procedure:
Step 1: Take few pieces of zinc granules and add 5 ml of dilute H2SO4.
Step 2: Shake it and pass the gas produced into a soap solution. Bubbles are formed in the soap solution. These soap bubbles contain hydrogen gas.
Zn + dil. H2SO4 ➜ ZnSO4 + H2
Test for hydrogen gas: The evolved hydrogen gas can be tested by bringing a burning candle near the soap bubbles. Hydrogen gas burns with a pop sound.
Concept insight: You should be very cautious when you answer questions which have multiple parts. Answer each part separately and check at the end so that no answer is left out.
Solution 3
Metal compound A should be a compound of Ca as a calcium salt is formed in the product. We know that CO2 extinguishes a burning candle. Also, since carbon dioxide is liberated, therefore, it must be a carbonate. Hence, it is calcium carbonate.
CaCO3 (S) + 2HCl (aq) –> CaCl2 (S) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
Concept insight: You should remember the properties shown by carbon dioxide. It extinguishes fire. Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride, carbon dioxide and water.
Page – 25
Solution 1
HCl and HNO3 show acidic character because they dissociate in the presence of water to form hydrogen or hydronium ions.
Although aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol contain hydrogen, these do not dissociate in water to form hydrogen or hydronium ions. Hence, they do not show acidic character.
Concept : Remember that acids are those substances which dissociate in aqueous solutions to form hydrogen or hydronium ions.
Solution 2
Acids dissociate in aqueous solutions to form charged particles called ‘ions’. These ions are responsible for conduction of electricity.
Concept : The key to this answer lies in as to what happens when an aqueous solution of an acid is prepare
Solution 3
Dry HCl gas does not change the colour of the dry litmus paper because it does not contain hydrogen or hydronium ions.
Concept : The key to this answer lies in when does the colour of litmus paper change: acids change the colour of litmus paper to red.
Solution 4
It is recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to the acid because the process of dissolving an acid in water is exothermic. If water is added to acid, since large amount of acid is present, a large amount of heat is generated at once. Hence, the mixture can splash out and cause burns. But, if acid is added to water, then heat is evolved gradually and easily absorbed by the large amount of water.
Concept : For answering this question, you should remember that the reaction between an acid and water is exothermic reaction.
Solution 5
When an acid is diluted, the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) per unit volume decreases. This means that the strength of the acid decreases.
Concept : While answering this question, you should recall that dilution means adding of water to the acid.
Solution 6
The concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) would increase when excess base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide.
Concept : While answering this question, you should recall that a base contains hydroxyl ions. When excess of base is added to a solution of sodium hydroxide, the concentration of hydroxide ions will increase.
page – 28
Solution 1
A pH value of less than 7 indicates an acidic solution, while greater than 7 indicates a basic solution. The pH of a solution is inversely proportional to its hydrogen ion concentration. Hence, the solution having lower pH will have more hydrogen ion concentration. Therefore, the solution with pH = 6 is acidic and has more hydrogen ion concentration than the solution of pH = 8 which is basic.
Concept : While answering this question, you should remember that when pH < 7, the solution is acidic, when pH > 7, it is basic and when pH = 7, it is a neutral solution. When a solution is acidic, it will have more hydrogen ions and when a solution is basic it will have more hydroxide ions.
Solution 2
If the concentration of H+ ions is increased, the solution becomes more acidic. If the concentration of H+ ions is decreased, the solution becomes less acidic or more basic.
Concept : Remember that concentration of H+ ions is directly proportional to the acidity of a solution.
Solution 3
Yes, a basic solution also has H+(aq) ions. These come from the ionization of water in which the base is dissolved. However, their concentration is less as compared to the concentration of OH–(aq) ions that makes the solution basic.
Concept : Remember that for a solution to be basic, the concentration of OH– ions should be more in a solution.
Solution 4
If the soil is too acidic and improper for cultivation, then to neutralise the acidity of the soil, the farmer would treat the soil with bases like quick lime or slaked lime or chalk.Concept insight: Remember that calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate are basic in nature. So, when an acid a base react, a neutralisation reaction takes place.
Page – 33
Solution 1
The common name of the compound CaOCl2 is bleaching powder.
Concept : For answering this question, you need to remember the formula of bleaching powder.
Solution 2
Calcium hydroxide or slaked lime [Ca(OH)2], on treatment with chlorine, yields bleaching powder.
Concept : For answering this question, you need to remember that which substance reacts with chlorine to give bleaching powder.
Solution 3
Washing soda (Na2CO3.10 H2O) is used for softening hard water.
Concept : For answering this question, you need to remember the uses of washing soda.Solution 4When a solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate is heated, sodium carbonate and water are formed with the evolution of carbon dioxide gas.
Concept : While answering this question, remember to write the balanced chemical equation for heating of sodium hydrogencarbonate.Solution 5The chemical equation for the reaction of Plaster of Paris and water can be represented as:
Concep : While answering this question, recall the formula of Plaster of Paris and what will happen when it will react with water.
Page – 34
Solution 1
10
Concept : Bases turn red litmus blue and acids turn blue litmus red. Basic solution has a pH value more than 7. Since the solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to be 10.
Solution 2
HCl
Concept : Crushed egg shells contain calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate reacts with HCl to liberate CO2 gas which turns lime water milky
Solution 3
(d) 16 mL
Concept : 16 mL of HCl solution will be required since the volume of NaOH is doubled.
Solution 4
(c) Antacid
Concept : Antacid is used for treating indigestion because antacids are mild bases that are able to neutralise excess of acid produced during indigestion.
Solution 5
(a) Sulphuric acid + Zinc ➜ Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen
H2S04 (aq) + Zn(s) ➜ ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
(b) Hydrochloric acid + Magnesium ➜ Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen
2HCl (aq) + Mg (s) ➜ MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
(c) Sulphuric acid + Aluminium ➜ Aluminium sulphate + Hydrogen
3 H2SO4 (aq) + 2 Al(s) ➜ Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 3 H2 (g)
(d) Hydrochloric acid + Iron ➜ Ferric chloride + Hydrogen
6 HCl (aq) + 2 Fe (s) ➜ 2 FeCl3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)
Concept : First convert the word equation into skeletal equation and then balance the different atoms on both the sides of the equation. Also, do not forget to write the symbols for different states.
Solution 6
Acitivity:
Procedure:
Step 1: Two nails are fitted on a cork and are kept it in a 100 mL beaker.
Step 2: The nails are then connected to the two terminals of a 6-volt battery through a bulb and a switch.
Step 3: Some dilute HCl is poured in the beaker and the current is switched on.
Step 4: The same experiment is then performed with glucose solution and alcohol solution.
Observations: It will be observed that the bulb glows in the HCl solution and does not glow in glucose and alcohol solution.
HCl dissociates into H+ (aq) and Cl– (aq) ions. These ions conduct electricity in the solution which results in the glowing of the bulb. On the other hand, glucose and alcohol solution do not dissociate into ions. Therefore, they do not conduct electricity.
Conclusion:
From this activity, it can be concluded that all acids contain hydrogen but not all compounds containing hydrogen are acids.
That is why, though alcohols and glucose contain hydrogen, they are not categorised as acids.
Concept : You should always mention the complete acitivity with complete procedure with diagram, observations, result in a sequence.
Solution 7
Distilled water is a pure form of water and is devoid of any ionic species. Therefore, it does not conduct electricity. When rain water falls to the earth, it dissolves an acidic gas ‘carbon dioxide’ from the air and forms carbonic acid. This acid provides some hydrogen ions and carbonate ions to rain water. Hence, due to presence of these ionic species, rain water conducts electricity.
Concept : For answering this question, you should always remember that ions are charge carriers. If there are no free ions avalaible, electricity will not be conducted.
Page – 35
Solution 8Acids do not show acidic behaviour in the absence of water because there are no hydrogen ions available for conduction of electricity. Acids dissociate in the presence of water to give free hydrogen ions. It is the hydrogen ions that are responsible for the acidic behaviour.
Concept : For answering this question, you should always remember that acidic nature is because of the presence of H+ or H3O+ ions.
Solution 9
(a) Neutral- Solution D with pH 7
(b) Strongly alkaline- Solution C with pH 11
(c) Strongly acidic- Solution B with pH 1
(d) Weakly acidic- Solution A with pH 4
(e) Weakly alkaline- Solution E with pH 9
pH is inversely proportional to hydrogen ion concentration. Hence, the pH can be arranged in the increasing order of the concentration of hydrogen ions as: 11 < 9 < 7 < 4 < 1
Concept : While answering this question, you should remember that when pH < 7, the solution is acidic, when pH > 7, it is basic and when pH = 7, it is a neutral solution. The lower the pH more will be the acidic nature. The higher the pH more will be the basic nature.
Solution 10
The fizzing will occur strongly in test tube A, in which hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added. This is because HCl is a stronger acid than CH3COOH and contains a much greater amount of hydrogen ions; therefore it produces hydrogen gas at a faster speed due to which fizzing occurs.
Concept : The key to this answer lies in the fact that HCl is a strong acd while CH3COOH is a weak acid.Solution 11
The pH of milk is 6. As it changes to curd, the pH will reduce because curd is acidic in nature due to formation of lactic acid.
Concept : Always remember that acids have pH < 7 and bases have pH >7.
Solution 12
(a) The milkman shifts the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline because in alkaline condition, milk does not get sour easily.
(b) Since this milk is slightly basic than usual milk, lactic acid produced to set the curd is neutralised by the base. Therefore, it takes a longer time for the curd to set.
Concept : Always remember that acids have pH < 7 and bases have pH >7.
Solution 13
Plaster of Paris should be stored in a moisture-proof container because Plaster of Paris, a powdery mass, absorbs water (moisture) to form a hard solid known as gypsum.
Concept insight: While answering this question, recall the formula of Plaster of Paris and what will happen when it will react with water.Solution 14A reaction in which an acid and base react with each other to give a salt and water is termed as neutralisation reaction. In this reaction, energy is evolved in the form of heat.
For example:
(i) NaOH (base) + HCl (acid) ➜ NaCl (salt) + H2O (water)
(ii) During indigestion (caused due to the production of excess of hydrochloric acid in the stomach), we administer an antacid (generally milk of magnesia, Mg(OH)2 which is basic in nature). The antacid neutralises the excess of acid produced and thus gives relief from indigestion.
Mg(OH)2 + 2 HCl ➜ MgCl2 + 2H2O
Concept : Always remember that the reaction of an acid and base to give salt and water is a neutralisation reaction.
Solution 15
Two important uses of washing soda and baking soda are as follows:
(1) Washing soda:
(a) It is used in glass, soap, and paper industries.
(b) It is used to remove permanent hardness of water.
(2) Baking soda:
(a) It is used as baking powder. Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and a mild acid known as tartaric acid. When it is heated or mixed in water, it releases CO2 gas that makes bread or cake fluffy.
(b) It is used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
Concept : For answering this question, recall any two important uses of baking soda and washing soda.