Q1. State the significance of cortisols in the human body.
Solution
Significance of glucocorticoids in the human body: Glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis, proteolysis and lipolysis. They also inhibit the cellular uptake and use of amino acids. Cortisol maintains cardiovascular and kidney functions. Cortisol also produces anti-inflammatory reactions and suppresses the immune response. It also stimulates the production of red blood cells.
Q2. State the term used for the formation of spermatozoa.
Solution
Spermatogenesis
Q3. Which one of the following hormones is a modified amino acid?
- 1) Prostaglandin
- 2) Progesterone
- 3) Epinephrine
- 4) Oestrogen
Solution
Modified amino acids are derived from a single amino acid. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are catecholamines; both are modified amino acids derived from tyrosine.
Q4. Name the hormones which are collectively known as gonadotropins.
Solution
Luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Q5. What are hormone receptors?
Solution
Hormone receptors are the proteins present on target tissues to which hormones bind to produce their effect on target tissues.
Q6. Which one of the following is not a second messenger in hormone action?
- 1) cGMP
- 2) Calcium
- 3) Sodium
- 4) cAMP
Solution
Certain hormones such as peptide hormones or catecholamines have a large molecular size, or due to extreme polarity, they are unable to cross the plasma membrane. These hormones bind to the protein receptors present on the plasma membrane of the target cell. Secondary messengers are present within the target cell and produce the effect of the hormone inside the cell.
As soon as the hormone binds to the receptors on the membrane, the secondary messengers are activated and their concentration in the cell increases. cAMP acts as a secondary messenger when epinephrine binds to protein receptors on the plasma membrane. Ca2+ ions also act as secondary messengers and are usually secreted into the cytoplasm by the endoplasmic reticulum.
The presence of calcium in the cytoplasm triggers the effect of the hormone in the cell. cGMP also acts as a secondary messenger and mediates many cell and tissue responses. Especially in the heart, it slows muscle contraction in response to acetylcholine.
Q7. Adrenaline directly affects
- 1) Dorsal root of the spinal cord
- 2) β-cells of Langerhans
- 3) SA node
- 4) Epithelial cells of the stomach
Solution
Adrenaline or epinephrine is secreted by the adrenal medulla. This hormone is responsible for the increase in heart rate, breathing and blood glucose level.
Q8. Steroid hormones easily pass through the plasma membrane by simple diffusion because they
- 1) Contain carbon and hydrogen
- 2) Enter through pores
- 3) Are lipid-soluble
- 4) Are water-soluble
Solution
Steroid hormones are lipophilic in nature. The lipids present in the cell membranes do not prohibit the entry of lipophilic molecules in the cell. Hence, steroid hormones are easily diffused through the cell membrane.
Q9. Which one of the following pairs correctly matches a hormone with a disease resulting from its deficiency?
- 1) Parathyroid hormone – Diabetes mellitus
- 2) Insulin – Diabetes insipidus
- 3) Thyroxine – Tetany
- 4) Luteinising hormone – Failure of ovulation
Solution
Ovulation occurs under the influence of LH and FSH of the anterior pituitary gland. Disease Deficiency Diabetes mellitus Insulin Tetany Parathormone Diabetes insipidus ADH
Q10. Match the hormone with its source of secretion. Somatostatin Pineal gland Melatonin Corpus luteum Aldosterone Placenta Progesterone Islet of Langerhans HCG Adenohypophysis Adrenal gland
- 1) A-5, B-1, C-4, D-3, E-6
- 2) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-6, E-3
- 3) A-1, B-6, C-4, D-3, E-5
- 4) A-4, B-1, C-6, D-2, E-3
- 5) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2, E-5
Solution
Somatostatin 4. Islets of Langerhans Melatonin 1. Pineal gland Aldosterone 6. Adrenal gland Progesterone 2. Corpus luteum HCG 3. Placenta
Q11. Which hormone is responsible for the rise in blood sugar?
- 1) Somatostatin
- 2) All of the above
- 3) Insulin
- 4) Glucagon
Solution
Glucagon is responsible for the rise in blood sugar levels.
Q12. State the function of mineralocorticoids.
Solution
Mineralocorticoids help in maintaining the balance of water and electrolytes in the body.
Q13. In human adult females, oxytocin
- 1) Causes strong uterine contractions during parturition
- 2) Stimulates pituitary to secrete vasopressin
- 3) Is secreted by the anterior pituitary
- 4) Stimulates the growth of mammary glands
Solution
Oxytocin is secreted by the posterior pituitary. It is a peptide hormone which stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles during birth. It also stimulates the ejection of milk from the mammary glands after the delivery of a child.
Q14. Damage to the thymus in a child may lead to
- 1) A reduction in haemoglobin content of blood
- 2) A reduction in stem cell production
- 3) Loss of cell-mediated immunity
- 4) Loss of antibody-mediated immunity
Solution
The thymus secretes the hormone thymosin which stimulates the differentiation of T-lymphocytes. T-lymphocytes provide cell-mediated immunity. In old age, the thymus gland degenerates; hence, immune responses in old people are weak. Hence, damage to the thymus gland in a child will hamper the differentiation of T-lymphocytes which provide immunity.
Q15. Progesterone, which is the most important component of oral contraceptive pills, prevents pregnancy by
- 1) Preventing the cleavage of the fertilised egg
- 2) Preventing the formation of the egg
- 3) Creating an unfavourable chemical environment for the sperms to survive in the female reproductive tract
- 4) Blocking ovulation
Solution
Contraceptive pills contain oestrogen and progesterone which disturb the normal menstrual cycle to prevent ovulation. They inhibit the pituitary from secreting FSH and LH and block ovulation.
Q16. What are the hormone receptors present on the cell membrane called?
Solution
Membrane-bound receptors
Q17. How does the body acquire the hypoglycemic state?
Solution
Insulin secreted by β-cells of islets of Langerhans acts on hepatocytes and adipocytes. This stimulates the cellular uptake and utilisation of glucose. Insulin also stimulates glycogenolysis (i.e. the process of conversion of glucose to glycogen). This results in rapid movement of glucose from the blood to hepatocytes and target cells, resulting in a decreased level of blood sugar. Thus, hypoglycemia is achieved by the body.
Q18. Tablets to prevent contraception contain
- 1) LH
- 2) Progesterone
- 3) Both FSH and LH
- 4) FSH
Solution
Contraceptive pills for women contain the female sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone. These prevent the development of eggs and ovulation by inhibiting the secretion of FSH.
Q19. The adrenal gland in mammals is located
- 1) Near the liver
- 2) Above the kidney
- 3) Near the heart
- 4) Near the pituitary
Solution
A pair of adrenal glands is present one above each kidney on either side of the vertebral column.
Q20. Which one of the following pairs correctly matches a hormone with a disease resulting from its deficiency?
- 1) Thyroxine – Tetany
- 2) Insulin – Diabetes insipidus
- 3) Parathyroid hormone – Diabetes mellitus
- 4) Luteinising hormone – Failure of ovulation
Solution
Luteinising hormone (LH) is secreted by the pars distalis or anterior pituitary. In males, LH stimulates the synthesis of androgens from the testes. In females, it is responsible for the ovulation and release of the mature Graafian follicle, formation of the corpus luteum etc. Low LH levels result in the failure of ovulation.
Q21. Muscular tetany can be caused by the deficiency of
- 1) Oxytocin
- 2) Thyroxine
- 3) ADH
- 4) Parathyroid hormone
- 5) STH
Solution
Parathormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland. This hormone increases the blood calcium level. In case of its deficiency, the blood plasma levels of calcium fall significantly. The nerve cells reaching muscles cause frequent stimulation in muscles which leads to the sustained contraction of muscles of feet, hands, larynx etc. which is called muscular tetany.
Q22. Which of the following diseases is not related to the thyroid gland?
- 1) Myxoedema
- 2) Cretinism
- 3) Goitre
- 4) Acromegaly
Solution
The growth hormone is secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Acromegaly is a disorder caused in adults due to the over secretion of growth hormone. In acromegaly, the bones of the jaw protrude and the palms and feet become broad. Facial features thicken.
Q23. Which out of the following pairs is incorrectly matched?
- 1) Somatostatin – Delta cells (source)
- 2) Insulin – Diabetes mellitus (disease)
- 3) Corpus luteum – Relaxin (secretion)
- 4) Glucagon – Beta cells (source)
Solution
Glucagon is a polypeptide hormone which is secreted by the α-cells of pancreas. This hormone is responsible for raising the blood glucose level by breaking down glycogen into glucose and promoting the conversion of non-carbohydrate substances into glucose. β-cells secrete insulin which lowers the blood glucose level.
Q24. Name the hormone of the hypothalamus which controls the secretions of gonadotropins from the pituitary glands.
Solution
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
Q25. Describe the significance of the adrenal medulla in regulating physiological functions of the body.
Solution
The adrenal medulla secretes two catecholamines – adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones are secreted in response to stress experienced by the body or during an emergency. These hormones bring the following changes: Alertness Pupillary dilation Piloerection Sweating Increase in heart beat and breathing rate Increase in strength of heart contraction Catecholamines are also responsible for the increase in blood glucose level, because they are responsible for the breakdown of glycogen in the liver.
Q26. ‘Mammalian thymus’ is mainly concerned with
- 1) Secretion of thyrotropin
- 2) Regulation of body growth
- 3) Regulation of body temperature
- 4) Immunological functions
Solution
The thymus gland secretes the hormone called thymosin. Thymosine stimulates the differentiation of T-lymphocytes which are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Thymosine also promotes the production of antibodies which are part of the humoral immunity of the body.
Q27. Which of the following is correctly matched?
- 1) Thyroxine – Tetanus
- 2) Adrenaline – Hepatitis
- 3) Parathyroid – Tetany
- 4) Insulin – Diabetes insipidus
Solution
Parathormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland. This hormone increases the blood calcium level. In case of its deficiency, the blood plasma levels of calcium fall significantly. The nerve cells reaching the muscles cause frequent stimulation in muscles which leads to the sustained contraction of muscles of feet, hands, larynx etc. which is called muscular tetany.
Q28. Name the elements necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
Solution
Iodine
Q29. The pineal gland of the human brain secretes melatonin concerned with
- 1) Lactation
- 2) Anger
- 3) Parturition
- 4) Colouration of skin
Solution
Melatonin is an amine hormone derived from tryptophan. The gland is light sensitive, and the secretion of melatonin is influenced by light. Melatonin stimulates the melanocytes of the skin to produce more melanin, a skin pigment.
Q30. Name any two peptide hormones secreted by the walls of the GI tract.
Solution
Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)
Q31. Diabetes is due to
- 1) Na+ deficiency
- 2) Hormonal deficiency
- 3) Iodine deficiency
- 4) Enzyme deficiency
Solution
Diabetes mellitus occurs because of a deficiency of the insulin hormone which is secreted by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.
Q32. Chemically, hormones are
- 1) Proteins only
- 2) Proteins, steroids and biogenic amines
- 3) Steroids only
- 4) Biogenic amines only
Solution
Hormones are chemical messengers which are released into the blood stream and have a specific effect on body functions. Chemically, hormones are of different types such as protein hormones, steroids and biogenic amines.
Q33. Which of the following is a hormone of the kidney?
- 1) Aldosterone
- 2) Epinephrine
- 3) Renin
- 4) Estradiol
Solution
Cells close to the glomeruli in the cortex of the kidneys are endocrine. They secrete a hormone called renin.
Q34. A steroid hormone which regulates glucose metabolism is
- 1) Cortisol
- 2) ll-Deoxycorticosterone
- 3) Cortisone
- 4) Corticosterone
Solution
Steroids are lipid hormones which are derived from cholesterol. Cortisol is secreted by the middle layer (i.e. zona fasciculata) of the adrenal cortex. Cortisol promotes gluconeogenesis (i.e. the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrates such as proteins). It also stimulates proteolysis and lipolysis.
Q35. Which of the following induces parturition?
- 1) Vasopressin
- 2) TSH
- 3) Oxytocin
- 4) GH
Solution
Oxytocin is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It increases the contraction of the uterine muscles during parturition.
Q36. Accessory glands associated with the genital organs in female rats are I. Vestibular Bartholin’s II. Cowper’s glands III. Ampullary glands IV. Vesicular glands
- 1) I only
- 2) IV only
- 3) III and II
- 4) I and II
- 5) III only
Solution
Vestibular Bartholin’s are exocrine glands. These glands lie under the labia majora. The secretion of these glands provides lubrication during sexual intercourse.
Q37. Match the source gland with its respective hormone and function and select the correct option. Gland Secretion Effect on body A Oestrogen Maintenance of secondary sexual characters Alpha cells of islets of Langerhans B Raises blood sugar level Anterior pituitary C Oversecretion leads to gigantism
- 1) A B C ovary insulin calcitonin
- 2) A B C ovary glucagon Growth hormone
- 3) A B C placenta insulin vasopressin
- 4) A B C placenta glucagon calcitonin
Solution
Gland Secretion Effect on body A (Ovary) Oestrogen Maintenance of secondary sexual characters Alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans B (Glucagon) Raises blood sugar level Anterior pituitary C (Growth hormone) Oversecretion leads to gigantism
Q38. Which of the following hormones has been found identical with cholecystokinin?
- 1) Pancreozymin
- 2) Duocrinin
- 3) Gastrin
- 4) Secretin
Solution
Pancreozymin is a hormone secreted by duodenal mucosa which is identical with cholecystokinin.
Q39. Oestrogen and testosterone are steroid hormones, and they most likely bind to
- 1) Enzyme-linked membrane receptors
- 2) G-protein coupled membrane receptors
- 3) Cytoplasmic receptors
- 4) Membrane ion channels
Solution
Steroid hormones are lipophilic in nature. The lipids present in the cell membranes do not prohibit the entry of lipophilic molecules in the cell. Hence, steroid hormones easily diffuse through the cell membrane. When they enter the cell, they either bind to the cytoplasmic receptors or nucleic receptors to produce their effects.
Q40. Name the disorder caused by hyposecretion of insulin.
Solution
Diabetes mellitus
Q41. Ajay had participated in a running race. He was excited and stood first in the race. When he finished the race, his heart was beating fast, and he was breathing heavily with a lot of sweat. What could be the reason for these changes in him after the race?
Solution
When Ajay started running, his body experienced a lot of stress. In response to the stress, the adrenal medulla secreted two hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. Secretion of these hormones resulted in sweating, increased heart beat, increased respiration, piloerection etc.
Q42. The fight and flight hormone is
- 1) Adrenaline
- 2) Thyroxine
- 3) Oxytocin
- 4) ADH
Solution
Adrenaline and noradrenaline are secreted by the adrenal gland. Both hormones show antagonistic effects and are responsible for the fight and flight response of the body. Adrenaline initiates the stress responses in the body.
It mainly acts on smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, blood vessels, skeletal muscles and fat cells. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, metabolic rate, dilates blood vessels and increases the breathing rate and hence oxygen consumption and glucogenesis (i.e. the formation of glucose by the breakdown of liver glycogen), elevating the blood glucose levels.
Q43. Name the cells of the endocrine pancreas.
Solution
Islets of Langerhans
Q44. Name the middle layer of the adrenal cortex.
Solution
Zona fasciculata
Q45. Which of the following hormones helps in the contraction of the uterus during childbirth?
- 1) Oxytocin
- 2) Glucocorticoid
- 3) ADH
- 4) Androgen
Solution
Oxytocin is secreted by the posterior pituitary. It is a peptide hormone which stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles during birth.
Q46. According to the accepted concept of hormone action if receptor molecules are removed from target organs, then the target organ will
- 1) continue to respond to the hormone without any difference
- 2) not respond to the hormone
- 3) continue to respond to the hormone but in the opposite way
- 4) continue to respond to the hormone but will require higher concentration
Solution
Hormones are released in the blood, but each hormone stimulates only a specific target organ to initiate a specific response. It is due to the presence of a specific receptor protein in a specific target cell. If these receptor molecules are removed from the target organs, then the organ will not respond to the hormone.
Q47. Which of the following is an accumulation and release centre of neurohormones?
- 1) Posterior pituitary lobe
- 2) Intermediate lobe of the pituitary
- 3) Anterior pituitary lobe
- 4) Hypothalamus
Solution
All secretion by the pituitary gland is controlled by a hormonal signal from the hypothalamus. The neurohormones are secreted and accumulated by the hypothalamus.
Q48. When both ovaries are removed from rat, which hormone is decreased in blood?
- 1) Gonadotropin-releasing factor
- 2) Oestrogen
- 3) Prolactin
- 4) Oxytocin
Solution
If both ovaries are removed from rat, then the blood plasma level of oestrogen will be affected as it is produced by the theca interna cells of the Graafian follicles.
Q49. Write the names of the two regions which together constitute the adenohypophysis.
Solution
Pars distalis and pars intermedia together constitute the adenohypophysis.
Q50. Name the gland present on the dorsal side of the forebrain.
Solution
The pineal gland
Q51. How is the secretion of the parathyroid hormone regulated?
Solution
The circulating calcium ions in blood regulate the secretion of the parathyroid hormone.
Q52. During emergency, which of the following hormones is secreted?
- 1) Calcitonin
- 2) Thyroxine
- 3) Aldosterone
- 4) Adrenaline
Solution
Adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal medulla. It mainly acts on smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, blood vessels, skeletal muscles and fat cells. Adrenaline initiates the stress responses in the body. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, metabolic rate, dilates blood vessels and increases the breathing rate and hence oxygen consumption and glucogenesis (i.e. the formation of glucose by the breakdown of liver glycogen), elevating the blood glucose levels.
Q53. Ovulation is stimulated by
- 1) Oestrogen
- 2) Progesterone
- 3) LH
- 4) FSH
Solution
Ovulation occurs on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle which is stimulated by luteinising hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Q54. Which is the main glucocorticoid found in the human body?
Solution
Cortisol
Q55. Which hormone is called hyperglycemic hormone? Why?
Solution
Glucagon is called hyperglycemic hormone. Glucagon causes glycogenolysis (i.e. break down of glycogen into glucose) and gluconeogenesis (i.e. synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates). It also reduces the cellular glucose uptake and utilisation. This results in an increase in the blood glucose level. Hence, glucagon is called a hyperglycemic hormone.
Q56. Which of the following is not a hereditary disease?
- 1) Cystic fibrosis
- 2) Haemophilia
- 3) Thalassaemia
- 4) Cretinism
Solution
Cretinism is caused by the deficiency of thyroxine-releasing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone or insufficient intake of iodine. It slows down the mental and physical development of the child and reduces the metabolic rate. The skin is abnormal. The body temperature and blood pressure are lower than normal.
Q57. Which hormone causes dilation of blood vessels, increased oxygen consumption and glucogenesis?
- 1) ACTH
- 2) Glucagon
- 3) Adrenaline
- 4) Insulin
Solution
Adrenaline elevates the glucose level in the blood stream by glucogenesis which is accompanied by an increase in oxygen consumption, body temperature and heat production. It also causes an increase in the flow of blood by dilating the blood vessels.
Q58. Calcium balance in the body is difficult without parathyroid hormone. Justify.
Solution
The parathyroid hormone increases the calcium levels in the body. It acts on bones and promotes demineralisation or bone resorption of calcium. It also stimulates the resorption of calcium by the renal tubules.
It increases the absorption of calcium from the digested food by the microvilli of the small intestine. When there is low calcium in blood, it helps to increase the calcium level of the blood. Hence, the calcium balance in the body is difficult without the parathyroid hormone.
Q59. The ‘islets of Langerhans’ are found in
- 1) Pancreas
- 2) Stomach
- 3) Alimentary canal
- 4) Liver
Solution
The islets of Langerhans were first found by a German medical student Paul Langerhans. There are three kinds of islets of Langerhans found in the pancreas – α-cells, β-cells and δ-cells. α-cells secrete glucagon, β-cells secrete insulin and δ-cells secrete somatostatin.
Q60. Give examples where melatonin regulates the 24-hour rhythm of an organism’s body.
Solution
It maintains the normal sleep-wake cycle. It adjusts and maintains the body temperature according to the temperature of the external environment.
Q61. Delta cells secrete
- 1) Insulin
- 2) Glucagon
- 3) Somatostatin
- 4) Cortisol
Solution
Delta cells in the islets of Langerhans secrete somatostatin.
Q62. Which of the following hormones stimulates the secretion of milk in females?
- 1) Oxytocin
- 2) Prolactin
- 3) LH
- 4) Progesterone
Solution
Oxytocin is secreted by the posterior pituitary. It is a peptide hormone which stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles during birth. It also stimulates the ejection of milk from the mammary glands after the delivery of a child.
Q63. Write the other two names used for the posterior pituitary.
Solution
Neurohypophysis and pars nervosa
Q64. Gastric secretion is stopped by the hormone
- 1) Pancreozymin
- 2) Cholecystokinin
- 3) Enterogastrone
- 4) Gastrin
Solution
Enterogastrone is secreted by the mucosa of the duodenum; it inhibits the secretion of gastric juices and decreases gastric movements.
Q65. Secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum is initiated by
- 1) Thyroxine
- 2) MSH
- 3) Testosterone
- 4) LH
Solution
LH secreted by the anterior pituitary stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone.
Q66. Select the correct matching pair of a hormone along with its source and function.
- 1) Hormone Source Function Glucagon -cells of islets of Langerhans Stimulates glycogenolysis
- 2) Hormone Source Function Prolactin Posterior pituitary Regulates growth of mammary glands and milk formation in females
- 3) Hormone Source Function Norepinephrine Adrenal medulla Normalises heart beat, rate of respiration and creates alertness
- 4) Hormone Source Function Vasopressin Posterior pituitary Increases loss of water through urine
Solution
Norepinephrine is secreted by the adrenal medulla. Norepinephrine and epinephrine have antagonistic effects on the body. They are secreted during the fight and flight mechanism.
Q67. Find the odd one out with respect to the symptoms of Cushing syndrome.
- 1) None of the above
- 2) Obesity
- 3) Osteoporosis
- 4) Hypoglycemia
Solution
Hypoglycemia is a symptom found in Addison disease.
Q68. Occurrence of Leydig cells and their secretion is
- 1) Testis and testosterone
- 2) Liver and cholesterol
- 3) Pancreas and glucagon
- 4) Ovary and oestrogen
Solution
Leydig cells are stimulated to produce male sex hormones, androgens by ICSH of the anterior pituitary. Testosterone is the main androgen and is a steroid hormone.
Q69. LH and FSH are collectively called
- 1) Gonadotropins
- 2) Somatotropins
- 3) Luteotropins
- 4) Oxytocin
Solution
FSH stimulates spermatogenesis in males and promotes the growth of ovarian follicles in females. LH stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone in males, and it is responsible for ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum in females.
Both hormones are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Because both hormones show their effects on the gonads, they are collectively called gonadotropins.
Q70. Trophic hormones are formed by
- 1) Anterior pituitary
- 2) Posterior pituitary
- 3) Middle pituitary
- 4) Thyroid
Solution
Trophic hormones are the ones which stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete their hormones. All the trophic hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Q71. Sertoli cells are regulated by the pituitary hormone known as
- 1) LH
- 2) GH
- 3) FSH
- 4) Prolactin
Solution
Sertoli cells protect the spermatids and provide nutrients to both developing and mature spermatozoa. They are regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) as FSH receptors are confined to Sertoli cells.
Q72. Name the disorder caused by the deficiency of growth hormone during the development of children.
Solution
Dwarfism
Q73. Gonadotropic hormones are produced in the
- 1) Adenohypophysis of the pituitary
- 2) Interstitial cells of the testes
- 3) Adrenal cortex
- 4) Posterior part of the thyroid
Solution
The gonadotropic hormones such as FSH and ICSH are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary—the adenohypophysis.
Q74. Which of the following hormones contain iodine?
- 1) Testosterone
- 2) Adrenaline
- 3) Insulin
- 4) Thyroxine
Solution
Iodine is a part of thyroxine hormone. There are four iodine molecules per one molecule of thyroxine.
Q75. State the two symptoms of diabetes mellitus.
Solution
The symptoms of diabetes mellitus are Loss of glucose through urine Formation of harmful ketone bodies
Q76. State the functions of progesterone in females.
Solution
Functions of progesterone in females: Progesterone supports pregnancy. It acts on mammary glands and stimulates milk secretion. It also promotes the development of sac-like structures in mammary glands to store milk.
Q77. Name the gland which has exocrine as well as endocrine secretions.
Solution
Pancreas
Q78. Name the part which connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland.
Solution
Isthmus
Q79. Read the following functions and identify the hormones. Maintains osmotic and blood pressure in the body Inhibits the cellular uptake of amino acids Growth of axial hair during puberty Dilation of pupils
Solution
Maintains osmotic and blood pressure in the body – Aldosterone Inhibits the cellular uptake of amino acids – Glucocorticoids Growth of axial hair during puberty – Androgenic steroids Dilation of pupils – Adrenaline and noradrenaline
Q80. Select the answer which correctly matches the endocrine gland with the hormone it secretes and its deficiency symptom.
- 1) Endocrine gland Hormone Function/deficiency symptoms Thyroid gland Thyroxine Lack of iodine in the diet results in goitre
- 2) Endocrine gland Hormone Function/deficiency symptoms Corpus luteum Testosterone Stimulates spermatogenesis
- 3) Endocrine gland Hormone Function/deficiency symptoms Anterior pituitary Oxytocin Stimulates uterus contraction during childbirth
- 4) Endocrine gland Hormone Function/deficiency symptoms Posterior pituitary Growth hormone (GH) Oversecretion stimulates abnormal growth
Solution
The thyroid gland secretes thyroxine. Synthesis of thyroxine requires iodine. Hence, lack of iodine results in hypothyroidism deficiency, i.e. simple goitre.
Q81. Name the processes which are initiated by the secretion of glucagon.
Solution
Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
Q82. Expand the term ANF. How does ANF help to reduce blood pressure?
Solution
ANF: Atrial natriuretic factor At high blood pressure, ANF which is secreted causes the dilation of blood vessels. This helps in reducing the blood pressure.
Q83. State the function of somatostatin.
Solution
Somatostatin inhibits the release of the growth hormone from the pituitary gland.
Q84. Feeling the tremors of an earthquake, a scared resident of the seventh floor of a multi-storeyed building starts climbing down the stairs rapidly. Which hormone initiated this action?
- 1) Thyroxine
- 2) Gastrin
- 3) Glucagon
- 4) Adrenaline
Solution
Adrenaline is responsible for this action as the hormone is known as 3F hormone—fright, fight and flight.
Q85. Name the two components of the testis. State the effects of testosterone on the central nervous system and in carbohydrate metabolism.
Solution
The testis is composed of seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue. Testosterone acts on the central nervous system to influence libido and male behaviour. It produces anabolic effect on carbohydrate metabolism.
Q86. Name the part of the brain which has neural as well as hormonal function.
Solution
Hypothalamus
Q87. Which of the following hormones is secreted by the placenta?
- 1) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
- 2) All of the above
- 3) Oestrogen
- 4) Progesterone
Solution
The placenta secretes into the mother’s blood hormones such as oestrogens, progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
Q88. Name the hormones involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates.
Solution
Glucocorticoids
Q89. Name the hormone secreted by the pars distalis.
Solution
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Q90. Insulin is
- 1) Lipid
- 2) Vitamin
- 3) Hormone
- 4) Enzyme
Solution
Insulin is the earliest known hormone which is also called the hypoglycaemic factor as it decreases the glucose level in the blood and prevents the occurrence of diabetes. It is secreted by β-cells of the islets of Langerhans.
Q91. What is the scientific term for the formation of RBCs.
Solution
Erythropoiesis
Q92. Withdrawal of which of the following hormones is the immediate cause of menstruation?
- 1) FSH and LH
- 2) FSH
- 3) Oestrogens
- 4) Progesterone
Solution
Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum. It prevents ovulation and hence supports pregnancy. Thus, its withdrawal will be the immediate cause of menstruation.
Q93. State the functions of oxytocin.
Solution
Functions of oxytocin: Stimulates the contraction of smooth muscles. It causes the contraction of uterine muscles at the time of parturition (childbirth). It is also responsible for milk ejection from the mammary glands.
Q94. Progesterone is secreted by
- 1) Corpora radiata
- 2) Corpus luteum
- 3) Corpus callosum
- 4) Corpus albicans
Solution
The corpus luteum is a yellowish mass left behind after ovulation. It secretes progesterone which supports pregnancy and also prepares the mammary glands for lactation.
Q95. FSH is secreted by
- 1) Gonads
- 2) Hypothalamus
- 3) Anterior lobe of pituitary
- 4) Posterior lobe of pituitary
Solution
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is secreted by the par distalis or the anterior pituitary. In males, FSH regulates spermatogenesis. In females, it stimulates the growth and development of the ovarian follicles.
Q96. Name the hormone which decreases blood pressure.
Solution
Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
Q97. Write functions of the following hormones: Thyroid-stimulating hormone LH in males
Solution
Thyroid-stimulating hormone – Stimulates the synthesis of thyroxine LH in males – Stimulates the synthesis of androgens in males
Q98. Name the sac in which the testes are located.
Solution
Scrotal sac or scrotum
Q99. Which of the following hormones stimulates the release of viscous mucus from Brunner’s glands?
- 1) Secretin
- 2) Villikinin
- 3) Duocrinin
- 4) Cholecystokinin
Solution
Duocrinin secreted by the duodenal mucosa stimulates the release of viscous mucus from Brunner’s glands into the intestinal juice.
Q100. An adenohypophysis hormone which is regulated by the feedback mechanism is
- 1) TSH
- 2) Oxytocin
- 3) Vasopressin
- 4) Calcitonin
- 5) Cortisone
Solution
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the adenohypophysis. It controls the secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. To maintain the levels of thyroxine in blood under normal, the secreted thyroxine shows a negative effect of the adenohypophysis which inhibits the secretion of TSH.
Q101. Write the function of prolactin.
Solution
Prolactin regulates the mammary gland and the formation of milk in the mammary glands.
Q102. Explain the role of androgens in the human body.
Solution
Androgens regulate the development of male accessory organs such as vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate glands and urethra. They stimulate the development of secondary sexual characters such as aggressiveness, low pitch voice, growth of axial and facial hair and muscular growth. They stimulate spermatogenesis. They act on the central nervous system to influence male behaviour. They also play an anabolic role in protein and carbohydrate metabolism.
Q103. Describe the journey of hypothalamus hormones to their target organs.
Solution
Hormones of the hypothalamus are secreted by their neurosecretory cells. These hormones then pass through axons and are released from their nerve endings. The hormones reach the anterior pituitary through the portal circulatory system and regulate the functions of the anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis. Neurohypophysis is under the direct neural regulation of the hypothalamus.
Q104. A common scent-producing gland among mammals is
- 1) Anal gland
- 2) Bartholin gland
- 3) Prostate gland
- 4) Adrenal gland
Solution
Scent or musk glands are located around the face, feet or anus of many mammals. These secrete pheromones which are involved in defence, recognition and territorial behaviour.
Q105. Name the basal part of the diencephalon.
Solution
Hypothalamus
Q106. Name the hormone which regulates the blood calcium level.
Solution
Thyrocalcitonin
Q107. Name the two hormones which are synthesised by the hypothalamus but are known as the secretions of the pituitary gland.
Solution
Oxytocin and vasopressin
Q108. Which one of the following part is an endocrine gland?
- 1) Brunner’s glands
- 2) Crypts of Lieberkühn
- 3) Juxtaglomerulus
- 4) Pars radiata
Solution
Cells of the juxtaglomerulus secrete erythropoietin which stimulates the process of formation of red blood cells, i.e. erythropoiesis.
Q109. Name the hormone which stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ ions and water in the renal tubule and excretion of K+ ions.
Solution
Aldosterone
Q110. Name the hormone which stimulates glycogenesis.
Solution
Insulin
Q111. Name the cavity in which the pituitary gland is located.
Solution
Sella turcica
Q112. Name the hormone secreted by the atrial walls of the human heart.
Solution
Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)
Q113. State the function of gastrin.
Solution
Gastrin stimulates the gastric glands to secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen.
Q114. Name the two hormones synthesised by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.
Solution
Two hormones synthesised by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland are Triiodothyronine (T3) Tetraiodothyronine (T4)
Q115. Name the hormone secreted by the corpus luteum.
Solution
Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum.
Q116. Name the hormones which stimulate the formation of sac-like structures to store milk in females.
Solution
Progesterone
Q117. Excess of which of the following hormones causes Cushing’s syndrome?
- 1) Thyroxine
- 2) Noradrenaline
- 3) Cortisol
- 4) Adrenaline
Solution
Cushing’s syndrome is caused by the high level of cortisol secreted by the adrenal cortex. It results in high blood pressure, bone loss, diabetes, Na+-K+ imbalance of blood plasma etc.
Q118. Name the cell which secretes glucagon.
Solution
α-cells
Q119. Name the cells which secrete erythropoietin.
Solution
The juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys secrete erythropoietin.
Q120. Differentiate between gonadotropins in males and females.
Solution
Gonadotropins in Males Gonadotropins in Females LH stimulates the synthesis of androgens from the testes. LH induces ovulation and maintains the corpus luteum. FSH regulates spermatogenesis. FSH stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles.
Q121. A steroid hormone which regulates glucose metabolism is?
- 1) Cortisol
- 2) Corticosterone
- 3) 11-deoxycorticosterone
- 4) Cortisone
Solution
Cortisol is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex. The hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis which helps to maintain the blood glucose levels.
Q122. Which hormone do β-cells secrete?
Solution
Insulin
Q123. What are the categories of hormones based on their chemical nature? Give one example of each category.
Solution
The types of hormones based on their chemical nature are Peptide hormones: Insulin and glucagon Steroids: Testosterone and progesterone Iodothyronines: Thyroid hormones Amino acid derivatives: Epinephrine
Q124. Explain the two types of hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
Solution
The two types of hormones produced by the hypothalamus are Releasing hormones which stimulate the secretion of pituitary hormones. Inhibiting hormones which inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones.
Q125. Explain the role of hormones of the adrenal cortex.
Solution
Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are as follows: Corticoids Androgenic steroids Corticoids: Glucocorticoids stimulate proteolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. They inhibit the cellular uptake of amino acids. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, maintains the cardiovascular system and kidney function. It produces anti-inflammatory reactions and suppresses the immune response. Cortisol also stimulates the production of red blood cells. The mineralocorticoid aldosterone acts on renal tubules and stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and water and the excretion of potassium and phosphate ions. Androgenic steroids: Promote the growth of pubic hair, axial hair and facial hair during puberty.
Q126. In the human body, some hormones work antagonistically to control certain metabolic processes. Give one such example where two hormones work antagonistically in a pair. Name the metabolism controlled by their action. Name the glands which secrete these antagonistic hormones. Name the target organs on which these hormones show their action. What value do you learn from the working of antagonistic hormones?
Solution
Glucagon and insulin. They both work to maintain the normal blood sugar level. Glucagon is secreted by the α-cells and insulin is secreted by the β-cells of the pancreas. Glucagon acts on hepatocytes and insulin acts on hepatocytes and adipocytes. Working in a team makes the task easy and achievable.
Q127. Immune responses in old people are weak. Give reasons.
Solution
The thymus gland secretes thymosin which is responsible for the differentiation of T-lymphocytes and the production of antibodies. T-lymphocytes provide cell-mediated immune response, while antibodies provide humoral immunity. In old age, the thymus gland degenerates which results in the reduced production of thymosin. Hence, the immune responses are weak in old people.
Q128. Chemically hormones are categorised as peptide hormones, steroids, non-peptide hormones, amines etc. According to you, in which categories glucagon and insulin hormones can be placed? Name the cells on which glucagon and insulin show their influence.
Solution
Glucagon and insulin are peptide hormones. Glucagon acts on hepatocytes, while insulin acts on hepatocytes and adipocytes.
Q129. State the functions of thyroid hormones.
Solution
Functions of thyroid hormones: They support the process of red blood cell formation. They regulate the basal metabolic rate. They control the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. They influence the maintenance of water and electrolyte balance in the body. They secrete thyrocalcitonin which regulates the blood calcium level.
Q130. How catecholamines are responsible for the increased level of blood glucose?
Solution
Catecholamines stimulate the breakdown of glycogen which results in an increase in the blood glucose level.
Q131. Name the types of hormones based on their chemical nature.
Solution
The types of hormones based on their chemical nature are Peptide hormones Steroids Iodothyronines Amino acid derivatives
Q132. State the two kinds of islets of Langerhans present in the pancreas.
Solution
Two kinds of islets of Langerhans present in the pancreas are α-cells and β-cells.
Q133. Describe the effects of hypothyroidism on pregnant women.
Solution
Effects of hypothyroidism on pregnant women: Hypothyroidism causes defective development and maturation of a growing baby resulting in cretinism. It also results in mental retardation, low intelligence, abnormal skin and deaf-mutism.
Q134. What is the source of melatonin? What is the function of melatonin?
Solution
Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland. It plays a role in the regulation of the diurnal rhythm of our body.
Q135. State the functions of thymosin.
Solution
Functions of thymosin: It promotes the differentiation of T-lymphocytes which are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. It promotes antibody production which is responsible for humoral immunity.
Q136. Name the cells which produce testosterone.
Solution
Interstitial cells or Leydig cells
Q137. What is the other name for vasopressin?
Solution
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
Q138. Name the structures which secrete oestrogen and progesterone. Which hormone is responsible for the high pitch of voice in females and for pregnancy?
Solution
The growing ovarian follicle secretes oestrogen, and the corpus luteum secretes progesterone. Oestrogen is responsible for the high pitch voice in females, while progesterone supports pregnancy.
Q139. State the functions of oestrogen.
Solution
Functions of oestrogen: It stimulates the growth and activities of secondary sex organs in females. It stimulates the development of the ovarian follicle. It is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characters such as high pitch voice and the development of breasts in females. It regulates female sexual behaviour. It also promotes the development of mammary glands. (Write any three)
Q140. Name the main mineralocorticoid of the human body.
Solution
Aldosterone
Q141. Describe the secretions of endocrine glands in one sentence.
Solution
Secretions of the endocrine glands are hormones which are non-nutrient chemicals which act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts.
Q142. Give any two examples of steroid hormones.
Solution
Oestradiol and cortisol
Q143. Name the two hormones which are synthesised by the hypothalamus but are known as the secretions of the pituitary gland.
Solution
Oxytocin and vasopressin